Cibinetide is a synthetic peptide derived from erythropoietin’s tissue-protective domain. It offers cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and tissue-repair properties, making it ideal for research in ischemia, inflammation, and cellular recovery. Produced with 99.06% purity under GMP standards. For laboratory use only.?For wholesale prices, other specifications and uses, please consult our staff?

Erythropoietin Drugs Market Size is projected to grow from 12.88 USD Bn in 2025 to 32.45 USD Bn by 2035, exhibiting a CAGR of 9.68 during period 2025 - 2035

Optimal detection of Erythropoietin receptor agonists (ERAs) in anti-doping analyses relies heavily on efficient immunopurification (IP) strategies. W…

Researchers found that a key molecule involved in red blood cell production governs whether the immune system attacks or tolerates cells, revealing potential treatments for autoimmune diseases and…

Chronic exposure to high altitude leads to increases in hemoglobin mass (Hbmass), which may improve exercise performance and decrease acute mountain sickness (AMS) symptoms. We evaluated the influence...

US erythropoietin drug market share register 2650 USD Million in 2024, projected to grow 9.65 % CAGR to reach USD Million 7300 during the forecast period 2025 - 2035.

**Epoetin** is a recombinant form of **erythropoietin** , a hormone that is normally produced by the kidneys and is essential for **red blood cell (RBC) production**. In **chronic kidney disease (CKD)** , reduced erythropoietin production leads to **normocytic normochromic anemia** , making epoetin a cornerstone therapy. For MBBS, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health students, epoetin is a **high-yield pharmacology topic** because it integrates: * Renal physiology * Bone marrow hematopoiesis * Supportive management of CKD ## What Is Epoetin? **Epoetin** is: * A **recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO)** * Structurally similar to endogenous erythropoietin * Used to stimulate **erythropoiesis in bone marrow** ### Key Concept (Must Remember) > Epoetin **treats anemia caused by erythropoietin deficiency** , not iron deficiency. ## Normal Physiology of Erythropoietin ### Source Produced mainly by **peritubular interstitial cells of the kidney** ### Function * Stimulates RBC production in the **bone marrow** * Acts on erythroid progenitor cells ### Regulation Triggered by **hypoxia** In CKD, damaged kidneys cannot produce adequate erythropoietin. ## Why Epoetin Is Needed in CKD ### What Happens in CKD? * ↓ Functional renal tissue * ↓ Erythropoietin production * ↓ RBC formation ### Result * **Anemia of chronic kidney disease** * Fatigue, weakness, reduced exercise tolerance **Epoetin replaces the missing hormone.** ** ** ## Pharmacological Classification ### Drug Class Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) ### Therapeutic Use Treatment of anemia due to erythropoietin deficiency ## Common Brand Names * Epogen * Procrit * Eprex ## Mechanism of Action (Very High-Yield) Epoetin: 1. Binds to **erythropoietin receptors** on bone marrow cells 2. Stimulates: * Proliferation of erythroid progenitors * Differentiation into mature RBCs ### Net Effect * ↑ Hemoglobin * ↑ Hematocrit * ↑ Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood > **Exam Pearl:** > Epoetin requires **adequate iron stores** to be effective. ## Indications of Epoetin ### Primary Indications * **Anemia of chronic kidney disease** * Dialysis-related anemia ### Other Indications * Anemia due to chemotherapy * Anemia in HIV patients on zidovudine * Preoperative anemia (selected cases) ## Route of Administration **1. Subcutaneous (SC)** – preferred **2. Intravenous (IV)** – common in dialysis patients ## Onset and Duration * Reticulocyte response: 7–10 days * Hemoglobin rise: 2–6 weeks Not an immediate correction—gradual response is expected. ## Adverse Effects (Very Important) ### Most Common * **Hypertension** (dose-related) * Headache ### Serious Adverse Effects * Thromboembolism * Stroke (if Hb rises too rapidly) * Pure red cell aplasia (rare, antibody-mediated) > **Exam Warning:** > Target Hb should NOT exceed **11–12 g/dL**. ## Contraindications & Precautions ### Contraindicated In Uncontrolled hypertension ### Use with Caution * History of stroke or thrombosis * Rapid hemoglobin rise ## Monitoring Parameters (Exam-Focused) Parameter| Why Monitor ---|--- Hemoglobin| Avoid overcorrection Blood pressure| Risk of hypertension Iron stores (ferritin, TSAT)| Ensure response Reticulocyte count| Early response ## Epoetin + Iron: A Crucial Combination ### Why Iron Is Necessary * Epoetin increases RBC production * Iron deficiency limits erythropoiesis **Iron supplementation is essential** for optimal response. ## Comparison: Epoetin vs Blood Transfusion Feature| Epoetin| Blood Transfusion ---|---|--- Speed| Slow| Immediate Infection risk| ❌ No| ✔️ Yes Iron overload| ❌ No| ✔️ Yes Long-term use| ✔️ Yes| ❌ No ## Clinical & Exam Pearls (Must Remember) * Epoetin is a **recombinant hormone** * Used in **CKD-related anemia** * Requires **adequate iron** * Overcorrection increases CV risk * Hypertension is a key adverse effect ## Summary Table: Epoetin at a Glance Parameter| Key Point ---|--- Drug type| Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent Main action| ↑ RBC production Primary use| CKD anemia Route| SC / IV Major risk| Hypertension, thrombosis Exam relevance| Very high ## FAQs #### 1. Why is epoetin needed in CKD? Because kidneys fail to produce enough erythropoietin. #### 2. Does epoetin work without iron? No, iron deficiency must be corrected. #### 3. Is epoetin a blood substitute? No, it stimulates endogenous RBC production. #### 4. Why is hemoglobin not raised too high? High Hb increases risk of stroke and thrombosis. #### 5. What is the most common side effect? Hypertension. #### 6. Can epoetin be given orally? No, it is given SC or IV. #### 7. Is epoetin used in acute anemia? No, it is for chronic anemia. #### 8. Can dialysis patients receive epoetin? Yes, commonly via IV route. #### 9. What rare immune complication can occur? Pure red cell aplasia. #### 10. What is the most tested exam concept? **Epoetin treats anemia of CKD by stimulating erythropoiesis.**

Epoetin (Erythropoietin) - Uses, Mechanism & Side Effects in CKD Anemia, explanation for anemia of chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients.

“Khaybulaev, 35, tested positive for recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) as the result of an in-competition sample collected at the PFL World Tournament Finals

The tolerogenic activity of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) is determined by EPOR, which is preferentially expressed in cDC1s and induces antigen-specific FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells.