Small molecules toggling the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are powerful regulators of protein degradation. Yet, mechanistic knowledge of how endogenous ligands gate UPS decisions remains rudimentary. Here, we define control of UPS access to Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2), which converts the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) to N-formylkynurenine. When Trp concentrations are limiting, TDO2 is degraded to avert tryptophanemia. Using CRISPRi screening and biochemistry, we identify a CK2-FBXW11 kinase-E3 ligase cascade that generates and recognizes tandem TDO2 phosphodegrons when not protected by Trp. Trp binding to an exosite safeguards TDO2 from phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitylation. Effects of Trp analogs on CK2-FBXW11-dependent ubiquitylation indicated that the indole, amino, and carboxylate groups are necessary for substrate shielding. Cryo-EM reveals how these moieties order a region proximal to the phosphodegrons; without Trp, this segment is flexible, enabling phosphorylation-coupled ubiquitylation. Overall, our data uncovered an endogenous small molecule allosterically stabilizing its own metabolizing enzyme through protection from a phosphorylation-ubiquitylation cascade. ### Competing Interest Statement B.A.S. is a member of the scientific advisory boards of Proxygen and Lyterian. The other authors declare no competing interests. Max Planck Society, https://ror.org/01hhn8329 European Union, ERC AdvG, UPSmeetMet, 101098161 to BAS Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds, https://ror.org/00dkye506

Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, Published online: 31 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41580-025-00919-zIn this Tools of the Trade article, Kiss (Schulman lab) discusses the development of UbiREAD, a method that delivers in vitro-ubiquitinated protein reporters into cells to systematically assess how different ubiquitin chain configurations affect protein stability and degradation.

Using biochemistry, chemical biology, and cryo-EM, Maiwald et al. elucidate how TRIP12 forms K29 linkages and K29/K48-linked branched ubiquitin chains, revealing a mechanism for polyubiquitylation sha...