ari
@toomuchpiano.bsky.social
singer-songwriter (https://linktr.ee/toomuchpiano), aspiring semiticist :D
fun fact: Turkish hoca, "teacher", Arabic xawāǧa, "Westerner" are all borrowings of the Persian xwāja, "lord, gentleman; eunuch"
the Persian, Hindustani ojhā, "shaman", and Chinese héshàng "Buddhist monk", all come from the Prakrit word uvajjhāa, "teacher" (← Sanskrit upādhyāya)
the Persian, Hindustani ojhā, "shaman", and Chinese héshàng "Buddhist monk", all come from the Prakrit word uvajjhāa, "teacher" (← Sanskrit upādhyāya)
November 22, 2025 at 10:45 AM
fun fact: Turkish hoca, "teacher", Arabic xawāǧa, "Westerner" are all borrowings of the Persian xwāja, "lord, gentleman; eunuch"
the Persian, Hindustani ojhā, "shaman", and Chinese héshàng "Buddhist monk", all come from the Prakrit word uvajjhāa, "teacher" (← Sanskrit upādhyāya)
the Persian, Hindustani ojhā, "shaman", and Chinese héshàng "Buddhist monk", all come from the Prakrit word uvajjhāa, "teacher" (← Sanskrit upādhyāya)
Reposted by ari
Thanks google very useful
November 18, 2025 at 6:33 PM
Thanks google very useful
is there any variety of Arabic that handles relative clauses ("the man who went to Damascus") and content clauses ("i thought he was drunk") the same way? iirc the division between the two is fuzzy in Hebrew and Aramaic
the word اللي lli, usually a relativizer (الزلمة اللي هون l-zalame lli hōn "the man that's here"), has a weird alternate usage: منيح اللي جيت mnīḥ lli jīt "good that you came"
i was proud of the og idea in the 2nd pic - BUT what prob actually happened (3rd pic) is so cool
(forgive clunky writing!)
i was proud of the og idea in the 2nd pic - BUT what prob actually happened (3rd pic) is so cool
(forgive clunky writing!)
![screenshot of the following wiktionary etymology with a mythbusters sorta "BUSTED" stamp overlaid on top:
Etymology 2:
Difficult to understand as an extension of the above [i.e. the relativizer اللي] due to the differences in syntax. Instead, perhaps a construction like *مْلِيح إِن (*mlīḥ ʔin, literally “good that”) underwent assimilation to become *مْلِيح ال (*mlīḥ (ʔ)il, “good that”), where the resulting *ال (*(ʔ)il) was reanalyzed as اللي (lli)'s byform ال (l-). This reanalysis would have allowed all other byforms, including اللي (lli) itself, to be used in this construction. Only later would the construction have spread to allow for adjectives other than مْلِيح (mlīḥ, “good”) as described in the usage note below.
Both terms of the proposed original *مْلِيح إِن (*mlīḥ ʔin, literally “good that”) are now unorthodox: مْلِيح (mlīḥ) is an archaic or rural form of what is now predominantly مْنِيح (mnīḥ, “good”), and a bare إِنْ (ʔin, “that”, complementizer) is absent from most Levantine varieties today in favor of a form with a fused expletive pronoun, إِنُّو (ʔinno). This reanalysis would have occurred before both of these terms fell from prominence. (Note, however, that Henri Fleisch recorded multiple Lebanese varieties that retained forms like إِنْ (ʔin) in his 1946–1974 studies of Lebanese Arabic.)
An alternative possibility is that the original phrase was already *مْنِيح إِن (*mnīḥ ʔin, literally “good that”) and that it shifted to *مْنِيح ال (*mnīḥ (ʔ)il, “good that”) in the process of dissimilation rather than assimilation.](https://cdn.bsky.app/img/feed_thumbnail/plain/did:plc:5gvygd24ilrqmbgsii2zzp3v/bafkreigj6t6uuvdk2jm2olanmr53vjuxusde2y4uy3iql4rtz23qy6d6sa@jpeg)
![screenshot of wiktionary quotation. the words اللي and illi are highlighted and bolded:
1902, Henry Minor Huxley, “Syrian Songs, Proverbs, and Stories: Collected, Translated, and Annotated”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society[1], volume 23 (overall work in English), Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts: American Oriental Society, passage #103, pages 242–244:
الوزير علّم مرة حتّى توقف على الدرب وصارت تسبّ وتقول الحمد للّه اللي مات الشيخ الفاخوري يخرب بيته اللّه يغمّق له عمره ما يرجع. قال لها لو كنت مش ميّت كنت بقوم ليكي.
l-wazīr ʕallam mara ḥatta tūʔaf ʕala d-darb w ṣārit tasibb w tʔūl l-ḥumdilla illi māt š-šayḵ l-fāḵūri yaḵrub baytu ʔaḷḷa yiḡammiʔlu ʕomru ma yərjaʕ. ʔallha law kunt muš mayyit kunt baʔūm layki.
[original: il-wezîr 3allem mara ḥɒtta tûʾaf 3ala'd-derb ū-ṣârit tesibb witʾûl il-ḥomd ílla illī mä̂t iš-šêḫ il-fāḫûrī yaḫrub bêtu ɒlla yiǧɒmmíʾlū 3omrū ma yörja3. ʾallha lau kunt muš mêyit kunt beʾ̂ūm lêki.]
The vizîr instructed a woman to stand on the road; she began to curse and say, "Praise be to God that he who has died is the jar-maker, (who was) an elder. May his house be destroyed; may God make his grave deep, and may his life not return." The jar-maker replied, "Were I not dead, I would rise against you!"
The given English translation is Huxley's. He somewhat misunderstands the expression عُمْرُه مَا يِرْجَع (ʕumro ma yirjaʕ, “may he never return for his entire life”, used this way even though the sheikh is allegedly already dead). It is unknown whether he similarly misunderstood the expression with اللي (lli), which in modern times would be understood as الحمدالله اللي مات الشيخ (l-ḥamdilla lli māt š-šayḵ, “thank God that the sheikh died”), or if it had indeed not yet undergone the reanalysis in question in 1902.](https://cdn.bsky.app/img/feed_thumbnail/plain/did:plc:5gvygd24ilrqmbgsii2zzp3v/bafkreihjnaws7q4u5yskyfed7pkq62ns3yh5qd57mvde6ghn4tq2clkv6q@jpeg)
November 9, 2025 at 10:31 PM
is there any variety of Arabic that handles relative clauses ("the man who went to Damascus") and content clauses ("i thought he was drunk") the same way? iirc the division between the two is fuzzy in Hebrew and Aramaic
Reposted by ari
Classical Arabic is great because you look up some noun like "tomato" and it's like "here is a verb meaning to be or become red and squishy, to be or become ketchupable, to be or become ambiguously fruit and vegetable"
November 9, 2025 at 2:00 AM
Classical Arabic is great because you look up some noun like "tomato" and it's like "here is a verb meaning to be or become red and squishy, to be or become ketchupable, to be or become ambiguously fruit and vegetable"
tracked it down! this is from Strich and Jochnowitz's chapter in Brill's "Handbook of Jewish Languages" (ed. Kahn and Rubin, 2016)
16) the best historical pronunciation of Hebrew is the Provençal one, for the sheer audacity of its consonant shifts.
sorry, I mean:
fe beff hiftorical pronunfiasing of Hebrew iv fe Provençal wung, fokh fe seekh audafity of iff confonanf siff.
sorry, I mean:
fe beff hiftorical pronunfiasing of Hebrew iv fe Provençal wung, fokh fe seekh audafity of iff confonanf siff.
![The very unusual pronunciation tradition of Hebrew can be seen in these examples: the characteristic pronunciation of Hebrew ṯ, s, ś, ṣ, and word-final ṭ and ḏ as [f], z as [v], and š as [s], word-final r as [χ], and syllable-final /n/ and /m/ as [ŋ].](https://cdn.bsky.app/img/feed_thumbnail/plain/did:plc:fujsnmqkn7n4pcmd5ybt7jld/bafkreihdjlyzfdte2j3caycwnw7vpnlzajr236hjpenbtm5dec7ttceaga@jpeg)
November 7, 2025 at 11:01 PM
tracked it down! this is from Strich and Jochnowitz's chapter in Brill's "Handbook of Jewish Languages" (ed. Kahn and Rubin, 2016)
Reposted by ari
16) the best historical pronunciation of Hebrew is the Provençal one, for the sheer audacity of its consonant shifts.
sorry, I mean:
fe beff hiftorical pronunfiasing of Hebrew iv fe Provençal wung, fokh fe seekh audafity of iff confonanf siff.
sorry, I mean:
fe beff hiftorical pronunfiasing of Hebrew iv fe Provençal wung, fokh fe seekh audafity of iff confonanf siff.
November 7, 2025 at 9:26 AM
16) the best historical pronunciation of Hebrew is the Provençal one, for the sheer audacity of its consonant shifts.
sorry, I mean:
fe beff hiftorical pronunfiasing of Hebrew iv fe Provençal wung, fokh fe seekh audafity of iff confonanf siff.
sorry, I mean:
fe beff hiftorical pronunfiasing of Hebrew iv fe Provençal wung, fokh fe seekh audafity of iff confonanf siff.
Reposted by ari
For that first verb, cf. Al-Idrīsī describing Gafsa:
wa-ahluhā mutabarbirūna wa-aktharuhum yatakallamu bi-l-lughati l-laṭīniyy il-ifrīqiyy
"And its people are Berberised, and most of them speak the African Latin language"
lughat.blogspot.com/2007/07/berb...
wa-ahluhā mutabarbirūna wa-aktharuhum yatakallamu bi-l-lughati l-laṭīniyy il-ifrīqiyy
"And its people are Berberised, and most of them speak the African Latin language"
lughat.blogspot.com/2007/07/berb...
Latin-speaking Muslims in medieval Africa
In the Middle Ages as today, Christians and Jews regularly called God "Allah" when speaking Arabic, just as Muslims did . It is perhaps no...
lughat.blogspot.com
November 6, 2025 at 8:30 PM
For that first verb, cf. Al-Idrīsī describing Gafsa:
wa-ahluhā mutabarbirūna wa-aktharuhum yatakallamu bi-l-lughati l-laṭīniyy il-ifrīqiyy
"And its people are Berberised, and most of them speak the African Latin language"
lughat.blogspot.com/2007/07/berb...
wa-ahluhā mutabarbirūna wa-aktharuhum yatakallamu bi-l-lughati l-laṭīniyy il-ifrīqiyy
"And its people are Berberised, and most of them speak the African Latin language"
lughat.blogspot.com/2007/07/berb...
cf. Ibn Šuhayd's "Elegy for Córdoba" (ما في الطلول من الأحبة مخبر), which has the stunning hemistich "tabarbarū wa-taġarrabū wa-tamaṣṣarū" (v. 7), three denominal verbs roughly translating to "they went into exile on the Barbary Coast, in Morocco and in Egypt"
November 4, 2025 at 2:21 PM
cf. Ibn Šuhayd's "Elegy for Córdoba" (ما في الطلول من الأحبة مخبر), which has the stunning hemistich "tabarbarū wa-taġarrabū wa-tamaṣṣarū" (v. 7), three denominal verbs roughly translating to "they went into exile on the Barbary Coast, in Morocco and in Egypt"
Reposted by ari
This article contains the longest consonant cluster I've ever come across in a Semitic language other than Moroccan Arabic, from a Hebrew article written in 1897:
hit-ašknz-u "they Germanised", a denominal verb from Ashkenaz (which, in this context, meant "Germany")
hit-ašknz-u "they Germanised", a denominal verb from Ashkenaz (which, in this context, meant "Germany")
In a new article (open access!) I argue that the Ottoman state played a crucial role in creating Ashkenazi identity in Jerusalem - as an overarching category for Yiddish speaking Jews from Central and East European countries.
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
The Ottoman Production of Ashkenazi Identity
The familiar grouping of Yiddish speaking Jews of Central and Eastern Europe into the single overarching identity of ‘Ashkenazim’, emerged initially in multi-lingual Jewish contexts. This article e...
www.tandfonline.com
November 4, 2025 at 10:12 AM
This article contains the longest consonant cluster I've ever come across in a Semitic language other than Moroccan Arabic, from a Hebrew article written in 1897:
hit-ašknz-u "they Germanised", a denominal verb from Ashkenaz (which, in this context, meant "Germany")
hit-ašknz-u "they Germanised", a denominal verb from Ashkenaz (which, in this context, meant "Germany")
Reposted by ari
in some alternate reality King Alfred overboiled his bīeġelas
November 3, 2025 at 8:11 PM
in some alternate reality King Alfred overboiled his bīeġelas
Reposted by ari
Incidentally these hollow maqyûl forms are quite interesting. It's a place where the medieval grammarians also report some amount of variation, but in Quranic Arabic passive participles of hollow verbs have the shape maCîC/maCûC. Nice to see these non-quranic forms continue in modern dialects.
November 2, 2025 at 3:22 PM
Incidentally these hollow maqyûl forms are quite interesting. It's a place where the medieval grammarians also report some amount of variation, but in Quranic Arabic passive participles of hollow verbs have the shape maCîC/maCûC. Nice to see these non-quranic forms continue in modern dialects.
someone stopped me!!
interesting to see Zohran managing Arabic diglossia. he’s definitely not speaking full fusha, but the vernacularisms are half egyptian, half levantine (!)
interesting to see Zohran managing Arabic diglossia. he’s definitely not speaking full fusha, but the vernacularisms are half egyptian, half levantine (!)
November 2, 2025 at 10:34 AM
someone stopped me!!
interesting to see Zohran managing Arabic diglossia. he’s definitely not speaking full fusha, but the vernacularisms are half egyptian, half levantine (!)
interesting to see Zohran managing Arabic diglossia. he’s definitely not speaking full fusha, but the vernacularisms are half egyptian, half levantine (!)
ܚܫ̇ܒ ܐ̄ܢܐ ܕܝܠܦ̇ܝܢ ܟܠܢ ܐܪܡܐܝܬ
why aren't we all learning Aramaic
October 31, 2025 at 5:19 PM
ܚܫ̇ܒ ܐ̄ܢܐ ܕܝܠܦ̇ܝܢ ܟܠܢ ܐܪܡܐܝܬ
Reposted by ari
Four different stress placements for كتبتا 'two women wrote' in Standard Arabic
ˈka.ta.ba.taa (Upper Egypt)
ka.ˈta.ba.taa (Jordan)
ka.ta.ˈba.taa (Cairo)
ka.ta. ba.ˈtaa (Lebanon)
ˈka.ta.ba.taa (Upper Egypt)
ka.ˈta.ba.taa (Jordan)
ka.ta.ˈba.taa (Cairo)
ka.ta. ba.ˈtaa (Lebanon)
October 30, 2025 at 4:27 AM
Four different stress placements for كتبتا 'two women wrote' in Standard Arabic
ˈka.ta.ba.taa (Upper Egypt)
ka.ˈta.ba.taa (Jordan)
ka.ta.ˈba.taa (Cairo)
ka.ta. ba.ˈtaa (Lebanon)
ˈka.ta.ba.taa (Upper Egypt)
ka.ˈta.ba.taa (Jordan)
ka.ta.ˈba.taa (Cairo)
ka.ta. ba.ˈtaa (Lebanon)
does anybody have a favorite reference grammar of modern Cairene vernacular Arabic? i am currently looking through a glass darkly, and would love something voluminous to clear up some lingering doubts
October 28, 2025 at 3:54 PM
does anybody have a favorite reference grammar of modern Cairene vernacular Arabic? i am currently looking through a glass darkly, and would love something voluminous to clear up some lingering doubts
Reposted by ari
not to be confused with quesadilla
October 27, 2025 at 7:21 PM
not to be confused with quesadilla
this 900 page grammar of Persian was written by the snarkiest orientalist they could find in Cairo in 1918. apart from the chapter on rhetoric, it covers various systems of timekeeping, weights and measures, as well as "signs and signals" and "bibliomancy, divination, superstitions, etc."
October 26, 2025 at 3:04 PM
this 900 page grammar of Persian was written by the snarkiest orientalist they could find in Cairo in 1918. apart from the chapter on rhetoric, it covers various systems of timekeeping, weights and measures, as well as "signs and signals" and "bibliomancy, divination, superstitions, etc."
Reposted by ari
New #OpenAccess paper on what 'first', 'second', 'third' tell us about the #Semitic family tree, including new evidence for Aramaeo-Canaanite! Note that unfortunately, the names of Ethiopian scholars have been metathesized, something that will hopefully be remedied before the final print version. 🐦🐦
Ordinal Numerals as a Criterion for Subclassification: The Case of Semitic
This article explores how ordinal numerals (like first, second and third) can help classify languages, focusing on the Semitic language family. Ordinals are often formed according to productive deriv....
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
October 21, 2025 at 7:51 AM
New #OpenAccess paper on what 'first', 'second', 'third' tell us about the #Semitic family tree, including new evidence for Aramaeo-Canaanite! Note that unfortunately, the names of Ethiopian scholars have been metathesized, something that will hopefully be remedied before the final print version. 🐦🐦
another wonderful thing:
some pronominal suffixes get an epenthetic vowel after a CC sequence; if i understand correctly it's:
1) harmonic with the vowel of the suffix and
2) stressed because of the CVCCVCV thing!
e.g., ismáha, “her name”; bintúhum, “their daughter”
some pronominal suffixes get an epenthetic vowel after a CC sequence; if i understand correctly it's:
1) harmonic with the vowel of the suffix and
2) stressed because of the CVCCVCV thing!
e.g., ismáha, “her name”; bintúhum, “their daughter”
things that i like about Cairene after a month and a half of study:
- no question-fronting! ⟨ʕamalti ē?⟩ "what did you do?"
- the weird stress pattern on CVCCVCV words (tafaḍḍáli, madrása, il-Qāhíra)
- plene spellings of etymologically short final vowels: كرسيكي,⟨kursīki⟩, “your (f.) chair”
- no question-fronting! ⟨ʕamalti ē?⟩ "what did you do?"
- the weird stress pattern on CVCCVCV words (tafaḍḍáli, madrása, il-Qāhíra)
- plene spellings of etymologically short final vowels: كرسيكي,⟨kursīki⟩, “your (f.) chair”
October 21, 2025 at 1:57 PM
another wonderful thing:
some pronominal suffixes get an epenthetic vowel after a CC sequence; if i understand correctly it's:
1) harmonic with the vowel of the suffix and
2) stressed because of the CVCCVCV thing!
e.g., ismáha, “her name”; bintúhum, “their daughter”
some pronominal suffixes get an epenthetic vowel after a CC sequence; if i understand correctly it's:
1) harmonic with the vowel of the suffix and
2) stressed because of the CVCCVCV thing!
e.g., ismáha, “her name”; bintúhum, “their daughter”
things that i like about Cairene after a month and a half of study:
- no question-fronting! ⟨ʕamalti ē?⟩ "what did you do?"
- the weird stress pattern on CVCCVCV words (tafaḍḍáli, madrása, il-Qāhíra)
- plene spellings of etymologically short final vowels: كرسيكي,⟨kursīki⟩, “your (f.) chair”
- no question-fronting! ⟨ʕamalti ē?⟩ "what did you do?"
- the weird stress pattern on CVCCVCV words (tafaḍḍáli, madrása, il-Qāhíra)
- plene spellings of etymologically short final vowels: كرسيكي,⟨kursīki⟩, “your (f.) chair”
October 21, 2025 at 1:34 PM
things that i like about Cairene after a month and a half of study:
- no question-fronting! ⟨ʕamalti ē?⟩ "what did you do?"
- the weird stress pattern on CVCCVCV words (tafaḍḍáli, madrása, il-Qāhíra)
- plene spellings of etymologically short final vowels: كرسيكي,⟨kursīki⟩, “your (f.) chair”
- no question-fronting! ⟨ʕamalti ē?⟩ "what did you do?"
- the weird stress pattern on CVCCVCV words (tafaḍḍáli, madrása, il-Qāhíra)
- plene spellings of etymologically short final vowels: كرسيكي,⟨kursīki⟩, “your (f.) chair”
an old joke:
two brazilians are at a bar in argentina. the first says to the other, “cara, i don’t know any spanish, could you get me a soda?”
“no problem, velho, i speak spanish just fine :)”
the second man goes up to the bar and says, “che, me da una Cueca Cuela™?”
two brazilians are at a bar in argentina. the first says to the other, “cara, i don’t know any spanish, could you get me a soda?”
“no problem, velho, i speak spanish just fine :)”
the second man goes up to the bar and says, “che, me da una Cueca Cuela™?”
perhaps "intuitive", rather than "regular"; the differences (nasalization, reflexes of Lat. /ɛ ɔ/, some consonants) aren't consistent synchronically and would probably be perceived as greater than variation *within* Spanish or Portuguese
October 15, 2025 at 8:56 AM
an old joke:
two brazilians are at a bar in argentina. the first says to the other, “cara, i don’t know any spanish, could you get me a soda?”
“no problem, velho, i speak spanish just fine :)”
the second man goes up to the bar and says, “che, me da una Cueca Cuela™?”
two brazilians are at a bar in argentina. the first says to the other, “cara, i don’t know any spanish, could you get me a soda?”
“no problem, velho, i speak spanish just fine :)”
the second man goes up to the bar and says, “che, me da una Cueca Cuela™?”
i wrote a paper senior year of high school on the Scyldings, the almost historical Danish royal family in the background of both Beowulf and the source materials for Hamlet (!)
Osborn and Niles suggest that the Scylding legends might have been inspired by the burning of the 6th c. hall at Lejre
Osborn and Niles suggest that the Scylding legends might have been inspired by the burning of the 6th c. hall at Lejre
Checking out the Viking-Age hall reconstruction in Lejre, Denmark
October 14, 2025 at 12:56 PM
i wrote a paper senior year of high school on the Scyldings, the almost historical Danish royal family in the background of both Beowulf and the source materials for Hamlet (!)
Osborn and Niles suggest that the Scylding legends might have been inspired by the burning of the 6th c. hall at Lejre
Osborn and Niles suggest that the Scylding legends might have been inspired by the burning of the 6th c. hall at Lejre
this structure (a content clause following an elided "I said") is common enough that it's used even when there is no explicit question, as anybody who's gotten into an argument in Spanish knows:
te vi con tu amigo anoche
no me viste, si anoche estaba en casa
¡que sí, que te vi!
te vi con tu amigo anoche
no me viste, si anoche estaba en casa
¡que sí, que te vi!
Spanish does this too. their subordination strategy is simply the conplementizer "que", so "¿cómo te llamas?" when repeated would become "¡que cómo te llamas!"
"whether" for a y/n question is si, so:
¿vives aquí?
¿cómo?
¡que si tú vives aquí!
"whether" for a y/n question is si, so:
¿vives aquí?
¿cómo?
¡que si tú vives aquí!
October 9, 2025 at 3:47 PM
this structure (a content clause following an elided "I said") is common enough that it's used even when there is no explicit question, as anybody who's gotten into an argument in Spanish knows:
te vi con tu amigo anoche
no me viste, si anoche estaba en casa
¡que sí, que te vi!
te vi con tu amigo anoche
no me viste, si anoche estaba en casa
¡que sí, que te vi!
Reposted by ari
Is this an abstract in Nahuatl
October 8, 2025 at 5:54 PM
Is this an abstract in Nahuatl
Reposted by ari
This chapter has now been out for more than six months and thus magically becomes #OpenAccess:
Sound Change in the Hebrew Reading Tradition
This contribution to Language Change in Epic Greek and Other Poetic Traditions investigates for Biblical Hebrew "to what degree this corpus retained its phonological independence from the vernacular f...
works.hcommons.org
October 7, 2025 at 11:43 AM
This chapter has now been out for more than six months and thus magically becomes #OpenAccess: