@oscarllorca.bsky.social
Reposted
Now out in Science! Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulators of the cell cycle. In @vcushing.bsky.social's magnum opus, we use #cryoEM to figure out how the CDK-activating kinase recognises CDKs to fully activate them - a key step in cell cycle control.
www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
Structural basis of T-loop–independent recognition and activation of CDKs by the CDK-activating kinase
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are prototypical regulators of the cell cycle. The CDK-activating kinase (CAK) acts as a master regulator of CDK activity by catalyzing the activating phosphorylation o...
www.science.org
October 16, 2025 at 7:17 PM
Now out in Science! Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulators of the cell cycle. In @vcushing.bsky.social's magnum opus, we use #cryoEM to figure out how the CDK-activating kinase recognises CDKs to fully activate them - a key step in cell cycle control.
www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
Reposted
It always surprises me when I encounter scientists with a religious faith. Very rare amongst biologists in my experience, but more common amongst astronomers. I guess it’s possible to fantasise about a creator if you don’t understand evolution.
October 11, 2025 at 10:33 PM
It always surprises me when I encounter scientists with a religious faith. Very rare amongst biologists in my experience, but more common amongst astronomers. I guess it’s possible to fantasise about a creator if you don’t understand evolution.
Reposted
Kickstarting our Bluesky🦋 account with great news!
Our REPAIRome study finally out today in
@science.org
www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
Our REPAIRome study finally out today in
@science.org
www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
A comprehensive genetic catalog of human double-strand break repair
The analysis of DNA sequence outcomes provides molecular insights into double-strand break (DSB) repair mechanisms. Using parallel in-pool profiling of Cas9-induced insertions and deletions (indels) w...
www.science.org
October 4, 2025 at 7:27 AM
Kickstarting our Bluesky🦋 account with great news!
Our REPAIRome study finally out today in
@science.org
www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
Our REPAIRome study finally out today in
@science.org
www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...
Reposted
We’re looking for an enthusiastic postdoc to join our team. 😊
The project focuses on protein design and cryo-EM applied to cancer research. 🔬🧪
The position is fully funded for 3 years.
Please share 🙏
Job description and application details (deadline: October 11th): www.cnio.es/en/empleo/po...
The project focuses on protein design and cryo-EM applied to cancer research. 🔬🧪
The position is fully funded for 3 years.
Please share 🙏
Job description and application details (deadline: October 11th): www.cnio.es/en/empleo/po...
Postdoctoral Research Assistant for the Biomolecular Design and Structural Nanomedicine Group
DescriptionWe are looking for a Postdoctoral Researcher to join Roger Castells-Graells’ lab at the Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO). The successful candidate will work on innovative biom...
www.cnio.es
October 5, 2025 at 2:32 PM
We’re looking for an enthusiastic postdoc to join our team. 😊
The project focuses on protein design and cryo-EM applied to cancer research. 🔬🧪
The position is fully funded for 3 years.
Please share 🙏
Job description and application details (deadline: October 11th): www.cnio.es/en/empleo/po...
The project focuses on protein design and cryo-EM applied to cancer research. 🔬🧪
The position is fully funded for 3 years.
Please share 🙏
Job description and application details (deadline: October 11th): www.cnio.es/en/empleo/po...
Reposted
Exciting new study from new-PI Mohinder Pal on the role of CCDC103 and it's links to PCD as the most recent dynein assembly factor (DNAAF19). Congratulations to the entire team.
@Mohinder Pal (currently not on Bluesky)
@mike-wieczorek.bsky.social
@laurencepearl.bsky.social
@Mohinder Pal (currently not on Bluesky)
@mike-wieczorek.bsky.social
@laurencepearl.bsky.social
New pre-print on the role of CCDC103/DNAAF19 in dynein assembly highlighting it's link to PCD.
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
CCDC103-mediated assembly of the R2C complex links RUVBL1-RUVBL2 to Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disorder caused by defective cilia motility, powered by axonemal dynein motors. Assembly of these motors is facilitated by the molecular chaperone HSP90, ...
www.biorxiv.org
September 15, 2025 at 8:00 PM
Exciting new study from new-PI Mohinder Pal on the role of CCDC103 and it's links to PCD as the most recent dynein assembly factor (DNAAF19). Congratulations to the entire team.
@Mohinder Pal (currently not on Bluesky)
@mike-wieczorek.bsky.social
@laurencepearl.bsky.social
@Mohinder Pal (currently not on Bluesky)
@mike-wieczorek.bsky.social
@laurencepearl.bsky.social
Reposted
A team at #CNIOStopCancer finds a new cause for idiopatic pulmonary fibrosis: a mutation in gene POT1, which hinders tissue from regenerating. This makes breathing increasingly difficult in this potentially fatal disease currently without treatment
http://bit.ly/41MPOAB
http://bit.ly/41MPOAB
September 18, 2025 at 9:48 AM
A team at #CNIOStopCancer finds a new cause for idiopatic pulmonary fibrosis: a mutation in gene POT1, which hinders tissue from regenerating. This makes breathing increasingly difficult in this potentially fatal disease currently without treatment
http://bit.ly/41MPOAB
http://bit.ly/41MPOAB
Reposted
Thrilled that our work is now finally out in Nature Comms!
rdcu.be/eG3vP
We reveal cryo-EM structures of the MRN complex bound to DNA & TRF2 - showing how DNA breaks are sensed and regulated at telomeres.
Fantastic work by first authors @yilanfan.bsky.social @filizkuybu.bsky.social & Hengjun!
rdcu.be/eG3vP
We reveal cryo-EM structures of the MRN complex bound to DNA & TRF2 - showing how DNA breaks are sensed and regulated at telomeres.
Fantastic work by first authors @yilanfan.bsky.social @filizkuybu.bsky.social & Hengjun!
September 18, 2025 at 4:09 PM
Thrilled that our work is now finally out in Nature Comms!
rdcu.be/eG3vP
We reveal cryo-EM structures of the MRN complex bound to DNA & TRF2 - showing how DNA breaks are sensed and regulated at telomeres.
Fantastic work by first authors @yilanfan.bsky.social @filizkuybu.bsky.social & Hengjun!
rdcu.be/eG3vP
We reveal cryo-EM structures of the MRN complex bound to DNA & TRF2 - showing how DNA breaks are sensed and regulated at telomeres.
Fantastic work by first authors @yilanfan.bsky.social @filizkuybu.bsky.social & Hengjun!
Reposted
Sofia Lövestam's vault structure is now online in Structure @cellpress.bsky.social. 🥳
How beautifully explorative is #cryoEM! We never planned to do this. The vaults just came down with #amyloids from human brain tissue, and Sofia decided to have a closer look.
www.cell.com/structure/fu...
How beautifully explorative is #cryoEM! We never planned to do this. The vaults just came down with #amyloids from human brain tissue, and Sofia decided to have a closer look.
www.cell.com/structure/fu...
Cryo-EM structure of the vault from human brain reveals symmetry mismatch at its caps
Lövestam and Scheres present a cryo-EM structure of vault particles, found during
tau filament extraction from progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) brain tissue. They
reveal a symmetry shift at the va...
www.cell.com
August 12, 2025 at 4:05 PM
Sofia Lövestam's vault structure is now online in Structure @cellpress.bsky.social. 🥳
How beautifully explorative is #cryoEM! We never planned to do this. The vaults just came down with #amyloids from human brain tissue, and Sofia decided to have a closer look.
www.cell.com/structure/fu...
How beautifully explorative is #cryoEM! We never planned to do this. The vaults just came down with #amyloids from human brain tissue, and Sofia decided to have a closer look.
www.cell.com/structure/fu...
Reposted
Highly collaborative efforts that involved 6 lab members and the labs of @yiliangding.bsky.social and @rdaslab.bsky.social. We uncovered a telomerase dimer and its potential role in telomere maintenance.
Sebastian Balch, Zala Sekne & Elsa Franco-Echevarría in @kellythd-nguyen.bsky.social's group have confirmed the existence of dimeric telomerase and illustrated how it is key to telomere maintenance:
www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/first-struct...
#LMBResearch @yiliangding.bsky.social @rdaslab.bsky.social 🧪
www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/first-struct...
#LMBResearch @yiliangding.bsky.social @rdaslab.bsky.social 🧪
July 11, 2025 at 10:22 AM
Highly collaborative efforts that involved 6 lab members and the labs of @yiliangding.bsky.social and @rdaslab.bsky.social. We uncovered a telomerase dimer and its potential role in telomere maintenance.
Reposted
🧬 #CIDHD25 will bring together experts exploring how cells maintain genome stability & how these insights are driving new therapies.
4 days of exciting talks, plus lots of opportunity for networking!
🗓️ Poster & Reg Deadline: 14 Aug
🔗 bit.ly/44mBPU2
#FusionCellBio #FusionDNA
4 days of exciting talks, plus lots of opportunity for networking!
🗓️ Poster & Reg Deadline: 14 Aug
🔗 bit.ly/44mBPU2
#FusionCellBio #FusionDNA
July 9, 2025 at 10:50 AM
🧬 #CIDHD25 will bring together experts exploring how cells maintain genome stability & how these insights are driving new therapies.
4 days of exciting talks, plus lots of opportunity for networking!
🗓️ Poster & Reg Deadline: 14 Aug
🔗 bit.ly/44mBPU2
#FusionCellBio #FusionDNA
4 days of exciting talks, plus lots of opportunity for networking!
🗓️ Poster & Reg Deadline: 14 Aug
🔗 bit.ly/44mBPU2
#FusionCellBio #FusionDNA
Reposted
Very grateful for receiving a Short Talk Award at #CFM_MolMech
Thanks to the organisers for putting together such an amazing conference! @oscarllorca.bsky.social @rfleiro.bsky.social @nogaleslab.bsky.social @cniostopcancer.bsky.social
Thanks to the organisers for putting together such an amazing conference! @oscarllorca.bsky.social @rfleiro.bsky.social @nogaleslab.bsky.social @cniostopcancer.bsky.social
Delighted to hear that post-doc @natalia-mg.bsky.social has received the Short Talk Award for her #cryoEM studies of DNA repair at the conference on "Machines Acting on DNA and RNA, a molecular mechanistic perspective" at CNIO Madrid. Congratulations, Natàlia!
Photo courtesy of @amunts.bsky.social.
Photo courtesy of @amunts.bsky.social.
June 2, 2025 at 5:12 PM
Very grateful for receiving a Short Talk Award at #CFM_MolMech
Thanks to the organisers for putting together such an amazing conference! @oscarllorca.bsky.social @rfleiro.bsky.social @nogaleslab.bsky.social @cniostopcancer.bsky.social
Thanks to the organisers for putting together such an amazing conference! @oscarllorca.bsky.social @rfleiro.bsky.social @nogaleslab.bsky.social @cniostopcancer.bsky.social
Reposted
Great work highlighting how important it is to carry out experimental structure determination instead relying on AlphaFold predictions. #crystallography #structure #biology #chemistry
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
AlphaFold predictions are valuable hypotheses and accelerate but do not replace experimental structure determination - Nature Methods
An analysis of AlphaFold protein structure predictions shows that while in many cases the predictions are highly accurate, there are also many instances where the predicted structures or parts of pred...
www.nature.com
May 25, 2025 at 5:54 PM
Great work highlighting how important it is to carry out experimental structure determination instead relying on AlphaFold predictions. #crystallography #structure #biology #chemistry
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
Reposted
Muñoz-Hernández, Xu, et al. @mike-wieczorek.bsky.social @ethz.ch report #cryoEM structures revealing how NEDD1’s C terminus forms an α-helical tetramer that docks onto the γ-TuRC without inducing major conformational changes in the complex during its recruitment to MTOCs rupress.org/jcb/article/...
May 21, 2025 at 4:10 PM
Muñoz-Hernández, Xu, et al. @mike-wieczorek.bsky.social @ethz.ch report #cryoEM structures revealing how NEDD1’s C terminus forms an α-helical tetramer that docks onto the γ-TuRC without inducing major conformational changes in the complex during its recruitment to MTOCs rupress.org/jcb/article/...
Reposted
Speakers at #CNIOSeminars share innovative advances from the fields they lead. We have recently wellcomed:👇
1️⃣ Raman van Wee, from @oxfordchemistry.bsky.social. As @oscarllorca.bsky.social 's guest, he talked about the rol of protein Ku7080 in repairing double strand breaks in DNA
1️⃣ Raman van Wee, from @oxfordchemistry.bsky.social. As @oscarllorca.bsky.social 's guest, he talked about the rol of protein Ku7080 in repairing double strand breaks in DNA
May 20, 2025 at 11:40 AM
Speakers at #CNIOSeminars share innovative advances from the fields they lead. We have recently wellcomed:👇
1️⃣ Raman van Wee, from @oxfordchemistry.bsky.social. As @oscarllorca.bsky.social 's guest, he talked about the rol of protein Ku7080 in repairing double strand breaks in DNA
1️⃣ Raman van Wee, from @oxfordchemistry.bsky.social. As @oscarllorca.bsky.social 's guest, he talked about the rol of protein Ku7080 in repairing double strand breaks in DNA
Reposted
Structural and functional insights into the interaction between Ku70/80 and Pol X family polymerases in NHEJ @natcomms.nature.com BRCT domain in recruitment and activity of two Pol X members in NHEJ: a unified model for the interaction of Pol X with Ku70/80.
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
Structural and functional insights into the interaction between Ku70/80 and Pol X family polymerases in NHEJ - Nature Communications
The molecular basis for the enrollment of X family DNA polymerases in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is unclear. Here the authors elucidate the structure of Pol λ within the DNA-PK long-range compl...
www.nature.com
May 13, 2025 at 3:04 PM
Structural and functional insights into the interaction between Ku70/80 and Pol X family polymerases in NHEJ @natcomms.nature.com BRCT domain in recruitment and activity of two Pol X members in NHEJ: a unified model for the interaction of Pol X with Ku70/80.
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
Reposted
Europe will always stand for science and the freedom to learn and invent.
As of 11 am, tune in, and discover how the @ec.europa.eu wants to help the best and brightest ‘Choose Europe’.
→ europa.eu/!Tx43kH
As of 11 am, tune in, and discover how the @ec.europa.eu wants to help the best and brightest ‘Choose Europe’.
→ europa.eu/!Tx43kH
May 5, 2025 at 7:39 AM
Europe will always stand for science and the freedom to learn and invent.
As of 11 am, tune in, and discover how the @ec.europa.eu wants to help the best and brightest ‘Choose Europe’.
→ europa.eu/!Tx43kH
As of 11 am, tune in, and discover how the @ec.europa.eu wants to help the best and brightest ‘Choose Europe’.
→ europa.eu/!Tx43kH
Reposted
The fourth session of #CFM_MolMech at #CNIOStopCancer will bring latest research on the specifity of RNA decay, the RNA exosome and macromolecular complexes in DNA processing.
With @lapassmore.bsky.social , @cellbiol-mrclmb.bsky.social
Gina Buchel, @yale.edu
Elena Conti, @mpibiochem.bsky.social
With @lapassmore.bsky.social , @cellbiol-mrclmb.bsky.social
Gina Buchel, @yale.edu
Elena Conti, @mpibiochem.bsky.social
April 15, 2025 at 2:03 PM
The fourth session of #CFM_MolMech at #CNIOStopCancer will bring latest research on the specifity of RNA decay, the RNA exosome and macromolecular complexes in DNA processing.
With @lapassmore.bsky.social , @cellbiol-mrclmb.bsky.social
Gina Buchel, @yale.edu
Elena Conti, @mpibiochem.bsky.social
With @lapassmore.bsky.social , @cellbiol-mrclmb.bsky.social
Gina Buchel, @yale.edu
Elena Conti, @mpibiochem.bsky.social
Reposted
The registration deadline for #CFM_MolMech is around the corner!
🔴May 5th, 20205🔴
📅Join us on May 28th - 30th at #CNIOStopCancer
🏃♀️Don't miss the opportunity! Read about the 4th session on the 🧵👇
With the support of CaixaResearch.
🔗More info: bit.ly/42hyRh0
🔴May 5th, 20205🔴
📅Join us on May 28th - 30th at #CNIOStopCancer
🏃♀️Don't miss the opportunity! Read about the 4th session on the 🧵👇
With the support of CaixaResearch.
🔗More info: bit.ly/42hyRh0
April 15, 2025 at 2:03 PM
The registration deadline for #CFM_MolMech is around the corner!
🔴May 5th, 20205🔴
📅Join us on May 28th - 30th at #CNIOStopCancer
🏃♀️Don't miss the opportunity! Read about the 4th session on the 🧵👇
With the support of CaixaResearch.
🔗More info: bit.ly/42hyRh0
🔴May 5th, 20205🔴
📅Join us on May 28th - 30th at #CNIOStopCancer
🏃♀️Don't miss the opportunity! Read about the 4th session on the 🧵👇
With the support of CaixaResearch.
🔗More info: bit.ly/42hyRh0
Reposted
📅 #CFM_MolMech will take place on May 28-30th at #CNIOStopCancer.
🔴Abstract Submission Deadline: April 24th
🏅Awards for:
▪The three best posters
▪The three best short talks
🤝With the support of CaixaResearch
🔗More info: https://bit.ly/42hyRh0
🔴Abstract Submission Deadline: April 24th
🏅Awards for:
▪The three best posters
▪The three best short talks
🤝With the support of CaixaResearch
🔗More info: https://bit.ly/42hyRh0
April 4, 2025 at 1:30 PM
📅 #CFM_MolMech will take place on May 28-30th at #CNIOStopCancer.
🔴Abstract Submission Deadline: April 24th
🏅Awards for:
▪The three best posters
▪The three best short talks
🤝With the support of CaixaResearch
🔗More info: https://bit.ly/42hyRh0
🔴Abstract Submission Deadline: April 24th
🏅Awards for:
▪The three best posters
▪The three best short talks
🤝With the support of CaixaResearch
🔗More info: https://bit.ly/42hyRh0
Reposted
Nice! Our CAK-inhibitor #cryoEM paper with @NogalesLab and @simakali1 not only graced the cover of @BiophysJ but was also named the editor's pick and featured on the journal's blog:
https://www.biophysics.org/blog/future-cancer-therapeutics-under-the-looking-glass
https://www.biophysics.org/blog/future-cancer-therapeutics-under-the-looking-glass
November 22, 2024 at 7:14 PM
Nice! Our CAK-inhibitor #cryoEM paper with @NogalesLab and @simakali1 not only graced the cover of @BiophysJ but was also named the editor's pick and featured on the journal's blog:
https://www.biophysics.org/blog/future-cancer-therapeutics-under-the-looking-glass
https://www.biophysics.org/blog/future-cancer-therapeutics-under-the-looking-glass
Reposted
Happy to share our latest pre-print!
We solved the cryoEM structures of human DNA repair factor MRN bound to DNA and to TRF2. Main work of Yilan, Filiz @filizkuybu.bsky.social and Hengjun. Great collab within the @sfb1361.bsky.social and @genecenter-lmu.bsky.social 🧬🔨
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
We solved the cryoEM structures of human DNA repair factor MRN bound to DNA and to TRF2. Main work of Yilan, Filiz @filizkuybu.bsky.social and Hengjun. Great collab within the @sfb1361.bsky.social and @genecenter-lmu.bsky.social 🧬🔨
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
Structural basis for DNA double-strand break sensing by human MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 and its TRF2 complex
The MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex is a central, multifunctional factor in the detection, signaling and nucleolytic processing of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). To clarify how human MRN binds generi...
www.biorxiv.org
March 17, 2025 at 9:43 AM
Happy to share our latest pre-print!
We solved the cryoEM structures of human DNA repair factor MRN bound to DNA and to TRF2. Main work of Yilan, Filiz @filizkuybu.bsky.social and Hengjun. Great collab within the @sfb1361.bsky.social and @genecenter-lmu.bsky.social 🧬🔨
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
We solved the cryoEM structures of human DNA repair factor MRN bound to DNA and to TRF2. Main work of Yilan, Filiz @filizkuybu.bsky.social and Hengjun. Great collab within the @sfb1361.bsky.social and @genecenter-lmu.bsky.social 🧬🔨
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
Reposted
Conference alert: Machines acting on DNA and RNA
Madrid, May 28-30
Abstract deadline: April 24
Organised by @cniostopcancer.bsky.social. Come to share your research with experts in the molecular mechanisms of DNA & RNA machines. See the list of speakers below.
Please repost.
Madrid, May 28-30
Abstract deadline: April 24
Organised by @cniostopcancer.bsky.social. Come to share your research with experts in the molecular mechanisms of DNA & RNA machines. See the list of speakers below.
Please repost.
March 15, 2025 at 7:48 PM
Conference alert: Machines acting on DNA and RNA
Madrid, May 28-30
Abstract deadline: April 24
Organised by @cniostopcancer.bsky.social. Come to share your research with experts in the molecular mechanisms of DNA & RNA machines. See the list of speakers below.
Please repost.
Madrid, May 28-30
Abstract deadline: April 24
Organised by @cniostopcancer.bsky.social. Come to share your research with experts in the molecular mechanisms of DNA & RNA machines. See the list of speakers below.
Please repost.
Reposted
See you in Madrid! Speakers include:
@costalaboratory.bsky.social @piratefernandez.bsky.social @nhoitsma.bsky.social @kellythd-nguyen.bsky.social @lapassmore.bsky.social @alessandrovannini.bsky.social @oscarllorca.bsky.social @rfleiro.bsky.social @nogaleslab.bsky.social
www.cnio.es/en/eventos/m...
@costalaboratory.bsky.social @piratefernandez.bsky.social @nhoitsma.bsky.social @kellythd-nguyen.bsky.social @lapassmore.bsky.social @alessandrovannini.bsky.social @oscarllorca.bsky.social @rfleiro.bsky.social @nogaleslab.bsky.social
www.cnio.es/en/eventos/m...
Machines acting on DNA and RNA, a molecular mechanistic perspective (#CFM_MolMech)
www.cnio.es
March 15, 2025 at 7:48 PM
Reposted
👉Today we present Session 1 of #CFM_MolMech: Chromatin structure and remodelling.
🗣With: @kellythd-nguyen.bsky.social from @mrclmb.bsky.social, from @colorado.edu, and Siddhant Jain from @harvardmed.bsky.social
🔗Info and registrations: https://bit.ly/MolMech
🗣With: @kellythd-nguyen.bsky.social from @mrclmb.bsky.social, from @colorado.edu, and Siddhant Jain from @harvardmed.bsky.social
🔗Info and registrations: https://bit.ly/MolMech
February 28, 2025 at 2:44 PM
👉Today we present Session 1 of #CFM_MolMech: Chromatin structure and remodelling.
🗣With: @kellythd-nguyen.bsky.social from @mrclmb.bsky.social, from @colorado.edu, and Siddhant Jain from @harvardmed.bsky.social
🔗Info and registrations: https://bit.ly/MolMech
🗣With: @kellythd-nguyen.bsky.social from @mrclmb.bsky.social, from @colorado.edu, and Siddhant Jain from @harvardmed.bsky.social
🔗Info and registrations: https://bit.ly/MolMech
Reposted
The structure of the R2T complex reveals a different architecture from the related HSP90 cochaperone R2TP: www.cell.com/structure/ab...
The structure of the R2T complex reveals a different architecture from the related HSP90 cochaperone R2TP
Palacios-Abella, López-Perrote et al. characterized the cochaperone R2T complex from
Arabidopsis and determined its cryo-EM structure. R2T is organized as a double ring
of hetero-hexameric AtRuvBL1/2a...
www.cell.com
February 27, 2025 at 6:17 AM
The structure of the R2T complex reveals a different architecture from the related HSP90 cochaperone R2TP: www.cell.com/structure/ab...