Nature Protocols, Published online: 16 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s41596-025-01155-7This protocol presents a tripartite mammalian cell-free translation system, comprising cytoplasmic and ribosome fractions combined with endogenous or synthetic mRNAs, permitting flexible reconstitution and careful dissection of the mechanisms of translation.

The Center for Epigenetic Cell Memory (EpiC) is a new Center of Excellence that will be established based on funding by the Danish National Research Foundation.

Abstract. In the past few decades, our view of ribosomes has changed substantially. Rather than passive machines without significant variability, it is now

Next to their essential role as protein production factories, ribosomes serve as molecular sensors of cell stress. Stalled and collided ribosomes trigger specific stress signaling, including the ribotoxic stress response (RSR). The RSR is initiated by the mitogen-activated protein (MAP)-3 kinase ZAKα in response to a plethora of translational aberrations, leading to activation of the stress-activated MAP kinases p38 and jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Recent insights have highlighted an important role for the RSR pathway in triggering programmed cell death processes, including apoptosis and pyroptosis, in a broad range of physiologically relevant conditions. In this review, we summarize recent work on known links between programmed and accidental ribosome toxicity, RSR signaling, and cell death.

The ribosome is an ancient molecular machine that coverts the genetic information carried by mRNA into protein, a crucial step in linking genotype to phenotype. This review discusses landmark advances...