Abstract. The glycan distribution on cells is governed by the activities of different families of enzymes that are together called “glycoEnzymes.” These in

UBC-developed enzymes successfully converted a kidney to universal type O for transplant, marking a major step toward faster, more compatible organ donations.

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The University at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine (SDM) invites applications from qualified early- to mid-career oral health scientists and/or clinician-scientists for a full-time tenure track acade...

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By combining bioorthogonal metabolic labelling and resolution enhancement through sequential imaging of DNA barcodes, the molecular organization of individual sugars in the native glycocalyx has been ...

Abstract. Glycans regulate a wide array of biological processes, making them central to studies of cell biology. Thus, it is essential to characterize the

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Glycans play critical roles in diverse biological processes, but their structural analysis by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) remains a major challenge due to their branched structure and stereochemistry. Traditional computational methods, such as database searching, are constrained by the scope of existing libraries and can be computationally intensive. While recent deep learning models have advanced the field, they often struggle to capture the complex, long-range dependencies within MS/MS spectra required for accurate inference. To address these challenges, we present GlycoBERT and GlycoBART, novel transformer-based models for glycan structure prediction from MS/MS data. GlycoBERT, a sequence classifier, achieves 95.1% structural accuracy on test data, surpassing the current state-of-the-art deep learning model, CandyCrunch. However, classification-based methods are inherently limited to predicting structures present in the training data. To overcome this, we developed GlycoBART, a generative sequence-to-sequence model capable of de novo glycan inference. On independent validation datasets, both models demonstrate robust performance. Critically, when applied to an MS/MS dataset from human embryonic kidney cells, GlycoBART generated two de novo glycan structures absent from the training set, one of which is a novel structure not catalogued in major glycan databases. Together, GlycoBERT and GlycoBART establish a new benchmark for glycan analysis, offering a powerful framework that enables more accurate and comprehensive exploration of glycan diversity and discovery. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, https://ror.org/012pb6c26, HL103411

The H antigen (O blood group), the precursor to A and B blood groups, is expressed on human erythrocytes. Two novel monoclonal antibodies generated using sea lamprey immunization, Tn4-31L and OmcFL3-...