Our findings suggests that the TND provides reliable estimates of TCV effectiveness, whereas the cohort design can bias vaccine effectiveness estimates, possibly due to unmeasured confounding effects,...

Despite malaria control efforts, cerebral malaria remains the most common cause of febrile coma in Malawi. However, non-malarial coma causes a greater disease burden (death and disability), and a high...

AbstractIntroductionAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a major global health threat, driven in part by the inappropriate use of antibiotics including in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Improving the quality of antibiotic use is a key rationale for the development of the WHO’s AWaRe (Access, Watch and Reserve) system. There is a need to review the uptake of the AWaRe system since its launch to guide future practice.MethodsA literature search was conducted between 2017, the launch of AWaRe, and 2024. Inclusion criteria were studies that reported on antibiotic use in LMICs using the AWaRe system.ResultsEighty-five studies were included in the review, of which 56.4% focused on antibiotic use trends, with 28.2% reporting on prescribing patterns; 51.7% of the studies included inpatients. Only 14.1% of studies reported meeting the 2024 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) AMR recommended target of at least 70% of human antibiotic use being Access antibiotics, with a concerning trend of overuse of Watch antibiotics (68.2% of studies). Dispensing practices revealed significant dispensing of antibiotics without prescriptions especially in Pakistan and Bangladesh. Watch antibiotics were more available but also more expensive than Access antibiotics.ConclusionsEncouragingly, many LMICs are now reporting antibiotic use via the AWaRe system, including in antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs). Wide variation exists in the proportion of AWaRe antibiotics used across LMICs, with overuse of Watch antibiotics. There is an urgent need for targeted AWaRe-based ASPs in LMICs to meet recent UNGA recommendations. Improving the use, availability and affordability of Access antibiotics is essential to combat AMR.

African nation relies on US and other foreign donors to help fund healthcare projects and schools

npj Vaccines - A systematised review and evidence synthesis on the broader societal impact of vaccines against Salmonella

Climate change is having unprecedented impacts on human health, including increasing infectious disease risk. Despite this, health systems across the world are currently not prepared for novel disease...

This Correspondence examines a complex case of an immunocompromised patient at an mpox treatment centre in South Kivu, DR Congo, highlighting the shortcomings of outbreak-focused care models and their...

In this work, authors show that randomized water, sanitation, hygiene and nutrition interventions reduced child antibiotic use in Bangladesh (in parallel with high intervention uptake and reduced infe...

This cohort study examines whether early-life infection burden is associated with a later risk of infection and systemic antibiotic treatment episodes in childhood.

Pulendran and colleagues define a molecular signature that can be used to predict the durability of antibody responses to vaccination and reveal important insights into the mechanisms by which vaccine...

Since 1974 substantial gains in childhood survival have occurred in every global region. We estimate that EPI has provided the single greatest contribution to improved infant survival over the past 50 years. In the context of strengthening primary health care, our results show that equitable universal access to immunisation remains crucial to sustain health gains and continue to save future lives from preventable infectious mortality.

We show serologic evidence of prior exposure to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus among humans in northern Tanzania. Similar to other settings, our results suggest that exposure is closely linked ...

Residents of properties in Brockley advised to boil water until results of tests by Thames Water are returned

Nine countries eliminated a disease in 2024. Here's how Pakistan pulled it off — fulfilling a young boy's dream of eliminating blindness caused by bacterial infections.

People who inject drugs (PWID) have high rates of blood stream infections (BSI) with Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and group A streptococcus (GAS). Little is known about health related quality of life outcomes after BSI.

AbstractBackground. Despite a high burden of sepsis in sub-Saharan Africa, clinical data for adolescent and adult sepsis in this setting are limited. We so

Objective To quantify changes in inequalities in uptake of childhood vaccination during a period of steadily declining overall childhood vaccination rates in England. Design Longitudinal study. Sett...

Ultra-portable, AI driven x-rays have been used to find undiagnosed TB, as miners inhaling soot in Victorian-era conditions are at high risk

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans...