Rémy Duléry
@remydulery.bsky.social
MD, PhD in Hematology Oncology.
HSC transplantation • Cellular therapy • CAR T-cell • CAR NK cell • Lymphoma management • Cardio-oncology • QoL.
Researcher at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School (#RomeeLab).
HSC transplantation • Cellular therapy • CAR T-cell • CAR NK cell • Lymphoma management • Cardio-oncology • QoL.
Researcher at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School (#RomeeLab).
Pinned
Rémy Duléry
@remydulery.bsky.social
· Jan 8
T cell malignancies after CAR T cell therapy in the DESCAR-T registry - Nature Medicine
This analysis of the registry database DESCAR-T of more than 3,000 pediatric and adult patients with hematological malignancies who received CAR T cell therapy in France between 2018 and 2024 shows th...
www.nature.com
Happy to share our work published in Nature Medicine!
We analyzed 3,066 patients from the French DESCAR-T registry who received #CARTcell therapy. Our findings indicate a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T-cell therapy: only 1 case (0.03%). www.nature.com/articles/s41...
We analyzed 3,066 patients from the French DESCAR-T registry who received #CARTcell therapy. Our findings indicate a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T-cell therapy: only 1 case (0.03%). www.nature.com/articles/s41...
Happy to participate to the 15th Forum for Cellular and Humoral Immunotherapy today at 4pm CET.
I will discuss the risks of secondary malignancy after #CARTcell therapy.
Feel free to register👉 us06web.zoom.us/webinar/regi...
I will discuss the risks of secondary malignancy after #CARTcell therapy.
Feel free to register👉 us06web.zoom.us/webinar/regi...
April 24, 2025 at 10:46 AM
Happy to participate to the 15th Forum for Cellular and Humoral Immunotherapy today at 4pm CET.
I will discuss the risks of secondary malignancy after #CARTcell therapy.
Feel free to register👉 us06web.zoom.us/webinar/regi...
I will discuss the risks of secondary malignancy after #CARTcell therapy.
Feel free to register👉 us06web.zoom.us/webinar/regi...
Delighted to see a packed and engaged audience at the Quality Management Session 3 on the 9th edition of the FACT-JACIE standards!
#EBMT25
#EBMT25
April 1, 2025 at 1:11 PM
Delighted to see a packed and engaged audience at the Quality Management Session 3 on the 9th edition of the FACT-JACIE standards!
#EBMT25
#EBMT25
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
AACR urges Congress to reaffirm its long history of steadfast and bipartisan support for medical research by ensuring that NIH has all of the resources needed to advance its lifesaving mission to prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer and other diseases: AACR.org/NIH
February 18, 2025 at 6:10 PM
AACR urges Congress to reaffirm its long history of steadfast and bipartisan support for medical research by ensuring that NIH has all of the resources needed to advance its lifesaving mission to prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer and other diseases: AACR.org/NIH
Excited to share this first-in-human evaluation of memory-like NK cells combined with an IL-15 super-agonist, with or without ipilimumab, in advanced head and neck cancer!
Kudos to Roman Shapiro and Michal Sheffer for leading this work in the #RomeeLab.
jhoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10....
Kudos to Roman Shapiro and Michal Sheffer for leading this work in the #RomeeLab.
jhoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10....
First-in-human evaluation of memory-like NK cells with an IL-15 super-agonist and CTLA-4 blockade in advanced head and neck cancer - Journal of Hematology & Oncology
Background Cytokine induced memory-like natural killer (CIML NK) cells combined with an IL-15 super-agonist (N-803) are a novel modality to treat relapsed/refractory head and neck cancer. Methods We r...
jhoonline.biomedcentral.com
February 14, 2025 at 8:16 PM
Excited to share this first-in-human evaluation of memory-like NK cells combined with an IL-15 super-agonist, with or without ipilimumab, in advanced head and neck cancer!
Kudos to Roman Shapiro and Michal Sheffer for leading this work in the #RomeeLab.
jhoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10....
Kudos to Roman Shapiro and Michal Sheffer for leading this work in the #RomeeLab.
jhoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10....
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
This will kill science in the US. This is how China wins. Why is this not on the news? Why are people not more upset about this?
grants.nih.gov/grants/guide...
grants.nih.gov/grants/guide...
NOT-OD-25-068: Supplemental Guidance to the 2024 NIH Grants Policy Statement: Indirect Cost Rates
NIH Funding Opportunities and Notices in the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts: Supplemental Guidance to the 2024 NIH Grants Policy Statement: Indirect Cost Rates NOT-OD-25-068. OD
grants.nih.gov
February 8, 2025 at 1:43 AM
This will kill science in the US. This is how China wins. Why is this not on the news? Why are people not more upset about this?
grants.nih.gov/grants/guide...
grants.nih.gov/grants/guide...
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
Trump & Musk are making massive cuts to the National Institutes of Health.
I know there is a lot going on right now, but this is one of worst things they have done so far, will affect cancer research and trials, the search for cures, innovation and competitiveness, our universities. Your lives.
I know there is a lot going on right now, but this is one of worst things they have done so far, will affect cancer research and trials, the search for cures, innovation and competitiveness, our universities. Your lives.
February 8, 2025 at 11:16 PM
Trump & Musk are making massive cuts to the National Institutes of Health.
I know there is a lot going on right now, but this is one of worst things they have done so far, will affect cancer research and trials, the search for cures, innovation and competitiveness, our universities. Your lives.
I know there is a lot going on right now, but this is one of worst things they have done so far, will affect cancer research and trials, the search for cures, innovation and competitiveness, our universities. Your lives.
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
Academic medicine colleagues, I worry we missed the boat on scientific communication. If we did a better job of explaining what we do and how we do it, half the country wouldn’t be so happy about defunding us right now.
February 9, 2025 at 3:42 PM
Academic medicine colleagues, I worry we missed the boat on scientific communication. If we did a better job of explaining what we do and how we do it, half the country wouldn’t be so happy about defunding us right now.
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
Thank you Rémy for promoting this paper !
This confirmatory study reinforce the body of evidence to vaccine patients against COVID-19 BEFORE and AFTER anti-CD20 immunochemotherapy against Lymphoma
This confirmatory study reinforce the body of evidence to vaccine patients against COVID-19 BEFORE and AFTER anti-CD20 immunochemotherapy against Lymphoma
Happy to share this study!
We prospectively evaluated CD4, CD8 T-cell and serological responses to the #COVID19 mRNA vaccine in a B-cell lymphoma patients treated with anti-CD20 therapy.
Kudos to Caroline Besson & @sylvainlamure.bsky.social for leading this work.
www.frontiersin.org/journals/imm...
We prospectively evaluated CD4, CD8 T-cell and serological responses to the #COVID19 mRNA vaccine in a B-cell lymphoma patients treated with anti-CD20 therapy.
Kudos to Caroline Besson & @sylvainlamure.bsky.social for leading this work.
www.frontiersin.org/journals/imm...
Frontiers | Lymphoma patients treated with anti-CD20 and chemotherapy display disconnected T and B cell responses to COVID-19 vaccine
www.frontiersin.org
February 8, 2025 at 7:01 AM
Thank you Rémy for promoting this paper !
This confirmatory study reinforce the body of evidence to vaccine patients against COVID-19 BEFORE and AFTER anti-CD20 immunochemotherapy against Lymphoma
This confirmatory study reinforce the body of evidence to vaccine patients against COVID-19 BEFORE and AFTER anti-CD20 immunochemotherapy against Lymphoma
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
Important report in @nejm.org from @mskcancercenter.bsky.social CD4+ T-Cell Lymphoma Harboring a Chimeric Antigen Receptor Integration in TP53 #CARTcells #mmsm www.nejm.org/doi/full/10....
CD4+ T-Cell Lymphoma Harboring a Chimeric Antigen Receptor Integration in TP53 | NEJM
Malignant T-cell transformation after chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy
has been described, but the contribution of CAR integration to oncogenesis is not
clear. Here we report a case o...
www.nejm.org
February 7, 2025 at 1:24 AM
Important report in @nejm.org from @mskcancercenter.bsky.social CD4+ T-Cell Lymphoma Harboring a Chimeric Antigen Receptor Integration in TP53 #CARTcells #mmsm www.nejm.org/doi/full/10....
Happy to share this study!
We prospectively evaluated CD4, CD8 T-cell and serological responses to the #COVID19 mRNA vaccine in a B-cell lymphoma patients treated with anti-CD20 therapy.
Kudos to Caroline Besson & @sylvainlamure.bsky.social for leading this work.
www.frontiersin.org/journals/imm...
We prospectively evaluated CD4, CD8 T-cell and serological responses to the #COVID19 mRNA vaccine in a B-cell lymphoma patients treated with anti-CD20 therapy.
Kudos to Caroline Besson & @sylvainlamure.bsky.social for leading this work.
www.frontiersin.org/journals/imm...
Frontiers | Lymphoma patients treated with anti-CD20 and chemotherapy display disconnected T and B cell responses to COVID-19 vaccine
www.frontiersin.org
February 7, 2025 at 7:04 PM
Happy to share this study!
We prospectively evaluated CD4, CD8 T-cell and serological responses to the #COVID19 mRNA vaccine in a B-cell lymphoma patients treated with anti-CD20 therapy.
Kudos to Caroline Besson & @sylvainlamure.bsky.social for leading this work.
www.frontiersin.org/journals/imm...
We prospectively evaluated CD4, CD8 T-cell and serological responses to the #COVID19 mRNA vaccine in a B-cell lymphoma patients treated with anti-CD20 therapy.
Kudos to Caroline Besson & @sylvainlamure.bsky.social for leading this work.
www.frontiersin.org/journals/imm...
Here is another remarkable study by the LYSA, published in @Hemasphere-journal.bsky.social!
It evaluates the efficacy of anti-PD1 therapy in extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma with matched cohort analysis.
Kudos to Amira Marouf for leading this collaborative work.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10....
It evaluates the efficacy of anti-PD1 therapy in extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma with matched cohort analysis.
Kudos to Amira Marouf for leading this collaborative work.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10....
Efficacy of anti‐PD1 therapy in extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma: A matched cohort analysis from the LYSA
Click on the article title to read more.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
January 24, 2025 at 1:58 PM
Here is another remarkable study by the LYSA, published in @Hemasphere-journal.bsky.social!
It evaluates the efficacy of anti-PD1 therapy in extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma with matched cohort analysis.
Kudos to Amira Marouf for leading this collaborative work.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10....
It evaluates the efficacy of anti-PD1 therapy in extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma with matched cohort analysis.
Kudos to Amira Marouf for leading this collaborative work.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10....
Happy to share our study on postoperative stage 0 Hodgkin lymphoma published in @hemasphere-journal.bsky.social
Congrats to Audrey Couturier and Guillaume Manson for leading this work.
Is surgery alone a curative option?
Find some answers in our article!
⬇️
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/...
Congrats to Audrey Couturier and Guillaume Manson for leading this work.
Is surgery alone a curative option?
Find some answers in our article!
⬇️
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/...
Postoperative stage 0 Hodgkin lymphoma. Is surgery alone a curative option?
Click on the article title to read more.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
January 22, 2025 at 2:26 PM
Happy to share our study on postoperative stage 0 Hodgkin lymphoma published in @hemasphere-journal.bsky.social
Congrats to Audrey Couturier and Guillaume Manson for leading this work.
Is surgery alone a curative option?
Find some answers in our article!
⬇️
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/...
Congrats to Audrey Couturier and Guillaume Manson for leading this work.
Is surgery alone a curative option?
Find some answers in our article!
⬇️
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/...
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
After CAR T therapy in France, only one patient developed a T cell malignancy, highlighting a low incidence risk.
by Dulery R, Guiraud V (...) Houot R et 10 al. in Nat Med #MedSky
📖 read the article:
by Dulery R, Guiraud V (...) Houot R et 10 al. in Nat Med #MedSky
📖 read the article:
T cell malignancies after CAR T cell therapy in the DESCAR-T registry - Nature Medicine
This analysis of the registry database DESCAR-T of more than 3,000 pediatric and adult patients with hematological malignancies who received CAR T cell therapy in France between 2018 and 2024 shows that only one person developed a secondary T cell malignancy following CAR T cell therapy.
www.nature.com
January 17, 2025 at 2:29 PM
After CAR T therapy in France, only one patient developed a T cell malignancy, highlighting a low incidence risk.
by Dulery R, Guiraud V (...) Houot R et 10 al. in Nat Med #MedSky
📖 read the article:
by Dulery R, Guiraud V (...) Houot R et 10 al. in Nat Med #MedSky
📖 read the article:
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
🎉Finally published🎉
Clearance of driver mutations after transplantation for myelofibrosis
@nejm.org
www.nejm.org/doi/full/10....
Clearance of driver mutations after transplantation for myelofibrosis
@nejm.org
www.nejm.org/doi/full/10....
Clearance of Driver Mutations after Transplantation for Myelofibrosis | NEJM
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is the only curative treatment
for myelofibrosis. Driver mutations are the pathophysiological hallmark of the disease,
but the role of mutation cl...
www.nejm.org
January 9, 2025 at 11:05 AM
🎉Finally published🎉
Clearance of driver mutations after transplantation for myelofibrosis
@nejm.org
www.nejm.org/doi/full/10....
Clearance of driver mutations after transplantation for myelofibrosis
@nejm.org
www.nejm.org/doi/full/10....
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
Happy to share our work published in Nature Medicine!
We analyzed 3,066 patients from the French DESCAR-T registry who received #CARTcell therapy. Our findings indicate a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T-cell therapy: only 1 case (0.03%). www.nature.com/articles/s41...
We analyzed 3,066 patients from the French DESCAR-T registry who received #CARTcell therapy. Our findings indicate a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T-cell therapy: only 1 case (0.03%). www.nature.com/articles/s41...
T cell malignancies after CAR T cell therapy in the DESCAR-T registry - Nature Medicine
This analysis of the registry database DESCAR-T of more than 3,000 pediatric and adult patients with hematological malignancies who received CAR T cell therapy in France between 2018 and 2024 shows th...
www.nature.com
January 8, 2025 at 2:23 PM
Happy to share our work published in Nature Medicine!
We analyzed 3,066 patients from the French DESCAR-T registry who received #CARTcell therapy. Our findings indicate a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T-cell therapy: only 1 case (0.03%). www.nature.com/articles/s41...
We analyzed 3,066 patients from the French DESCAR-T registry who received #CARTcell therapy. Our findings indicate a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T-cell therapy: only 1 case (0.03%). www.nature.com/articles/s41...
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
Disappointing new study showing - once again - that women are leaving research careers at far higher levels than men
If you're interested to read about strategies to reverse these types of curves, check out our recent #Cell perspective- link below ⤵️
#WomeninSTEM 👩🔬👩🏾🔬🧪
www.nature.com/articles/d41...
If you're interested to read about strategies to reverse these types of curves, check out our recent #Cell perspective- link below ⤵️
#WomeninSTEM 👩🔬👩🏾🔬🧪
www.nature.com/articles/d41...
January 10, 2025 at 7:15 PM
Disappointing new study showing - once again - that women are leaving research careers at far higher levels than men
If you're interested to read about strategies to reverse these types of curves, check out our recent #Cell perspective- link below ⤵️
#WomeninSTEM 👩🔬👩🏾🔬🧪
www.nature.com/articles/d41...
If you're interested to read about strategies to reverse these types of curves, check out our recent #Cell perspective- link below ⤵️
#WomeninSTEM 👩🔬👩🏾🔬🧪
www.nature.com/articles/d41...
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
Analysis of 3,066 patients who received #CARTCell therapy in France, since 2018.
Only one patient (0.03%) developed a T-cell malignancy after CAR T infusion, with insertion of the CAR into a tumor suppressor gene.
Conclusion: there might be a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T therapy.
Only one patient (0.03%) developed a T-cell malignancy after CAR T infusion, with insertion of the CAR into a tumor suppressor gene.
Conclusion: there might be a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T therapy.
January 10, 2025 at 7:28 AM
Analysis of 3,066 patients who received #CARTCell therapy in France, since 2018.
Only one patient (0.03%) developed a T-cell malignancy after CAR T infusion, with insertion of the CAR into a tumor suppressor gene.
Conclusion: there might be a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T therapy.
Only one patient (0.03%) developed a T-cell malignancy after CAR T infusion, with insertion of the CAR into a tumor suppressor gene.
Conclusion: there might be a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T therapy.
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
T cell malignancies after CAR T cell therapy in the DESCAR-T registry @naturemedicine.bsky.social @remydulery.bsky.social
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
T cell malignancies after CAR T cell therapy in the DESCAR-T registry - Nature Medicine
This analysis of the registry database DESCAR-T of more than 3,000 pediatric and adult patients with hematological malignancies who received CAR T cell therapy in France between 2018 and 2024 shows th...
www.nature.com
January 9, 2025 at 4:31 PM
T cell malignancies after CAR T cell therapy in the DESCAR-T registry @naturemedicine.bsky.social @remydulery.bsky.social
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
A French study of 3,066 patients who received CAR T-cell therapy found an extremely low incidence (0.03%) of T-cell malignancies post-treatment.
Only one case was observed over six years, suggesting the treatment is largely safe in this regard.
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
Only one case was observed over six years, suggesting the treatment is largely safe in this regard.
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
T cell malignancies after CAR T cell therapy in the DESCAR-T registry - Nature Medicine
This analysis of the registry database DESCAR-T of more than 3,000 pediatric and adult patients with hematological malignancies who received CAR T cell therapy in France between 2018 and 2024 shows th...
www.nature.com
January 8, 2025 at 9:35 PM
A French study of 3,066 patients who received CAR T-cell therapy found an extremely low incidence (0.03%) of T-cell malignancies post-treatment.
Only one case was observed over six years, suggesting the treatment is largely safe in this regard.
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
Only one case was observed over six years, suggesting the treatment is largely safe in this regard.
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
Amazing and very important work for the field. 👏🏽👏🏽👏🏽
Happy to share our work published in Nature Medicine!
We analyzed 3,066 patients from the French DESCAR-T registry who received #CARTcell therapy. Our findings indicate a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T-cell therapy: only 1 case (0.03%). www.nature.com/articles/s41...
We analyzed 3,066 patients from the French DESCAR-T registry who received #CARTcell therapy. Our findings indicate a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T-cell therapy: only 1 case (0.03%). www.nature.com/articles/s41...
T cell malignancies after CAR T cell therapy in the DESCAR-T registry - Nature Medicine
This analysis of the registry database DESCAR-T of more than 3,000 pediatric and adult patients with hematological malignancies who received CAR T cell therapy in France between 2018 and 2024 shows th...
www.nature.com
January 8, 2025 at 6:28 PM
Amazing and very important work for the field. 👏🏽👏🏽👏🏽
Happy to share our work published in Nature Medicine!
We analyzed 3,066 patients from the French DESCAR-T registry who received #CARTcell therapy. Our findings indicate a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T-cell therapy: only 1 case (0.03%). www.nature.com/articles/s41...
We analyzed 3,066 patients from the French DESCAR-T registry who received #CARTcell therapy. Our findings indicate a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T-cell therapy: only 1 case (0.03%). www.nature.com/articles/s41...
T cell malignancies after CAR T cell therapy in the DESCAR-T registry - Nature Medicine
This analysis of the registry database DESCAR-T of more than 3,000 pediatric and adult patients with hematological malignancies who received CAR T cell therapy in France between 2018 and 2024 shows th...
www.nature.com
January 8, 2025 at 2:23 PM
Happy to share our work published in Nature Medicine!
We analyzed 3,066 patients from the French DESCAR-T registry who received #CARTcell therapy. Our findings indicate a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T-cell therapy: only 1 case (0.03%). www.nature.com/articles/s41...
We analyzed 3,066 patients from the French DESCAR-T registry who received #CARTcell therapy. Our findings indicate a very low risk of T-cell malignancy after CAR T-cell therapy: only 1 case (0.03%). www.nature.com/articles/s41...
Here is a video where I discuss the management and treatment options for patients with DLBCL who are not eligible for CAR T-cell therapy.
#VuMedi #CAR_T #lymsm #Medsky
www.vumedi.com/video/treati...
#VuMedi #CAR_T #lymsm #Medsky
www.vumedi.com/video/treati...
Treating Patients With DLBCL Who Are Not Eligible for CAR-T Therapy
A video from Remy Dulery, posted on Dec 18, 2024.
www.vumedi.com
January 6, 2025 at 10:55 PM
Here is a video where I discuss the management and treatment options for patients with DLBCL who are not eligible for CAR T-cell therapy.
#VuMedi #CAR_T #lymsm #Medsky
www.vumedi.com/video/treati...
#VuMedi #CAR_T #lymsm #Medsky
www.vumedi.com/video/treati...
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
From #ASH24 to inpatient leukemia service! Instead of posting articles I will be posting an abstract a day
Day 1 - our IIT looking at InO plus TKI in newly diagnosed Ph+ ALL
ashpublications.org/blood/articl...
Day 1 - our IIT looking at InO plus TKI in newly diagnosed Ph+ ALL
ashpublications.org/blood/articl...
Interim Results of a Phase II Study Investigating Dasatinib and Inotuzumab Ozogamicin-Based Induction for Newly-Diagnosed Philadelphia-Chromosome Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Ph+ ALL)
Disclosures. Patel:Kronos Bio: Research Funding; Sobi: Honoraria; Bristol Myers Squibb: Honoraria; AbbVie: Honoraria; Sumitomo: Research Funding; Pfizer: R
ashpublications.org
December 11, 2024 at 1:42 PM
From #ASH24 to inpatient leukemia service! Instead of posting articles I will be posting an abstract a day
Day 1 - our IIT looking at InO plus TKI in newly diagnosed Ph+ ALL
ashpublications.org/blood/articl...
Day 1 - our IIT looking at InO plus TKI in newly diagnosed Ph+ ALL
ashpublications.org/blood/articl...
Reposted by Rémy Duléry
Post-CAR MCL DESCAR-T registry:
- 1-yr OS after brexu-cel failure 30%
- post-CAR outcomes better with RT (ORR 50%) and BsAb (ORR 43%)
- 1-yr OS 57% w/ BsAb
- most deaths due to MCL, some infections
2nd #ASH24 dataset showing better outcomes w/ BsAb in MCL post-CAR setting. #lymsm
- 1-yr OS after brexu-cel failure 30%
- post-CAR outcomes better with RT (ORR 50%) and BsAb (ORR 43%)
- 1-yr OS 57% w/ BsAb
- most deaths due to MCL, some infections
2nd #ASH24 dataset showing better outcomes w/ BsAb in MCL post-CAR setting. #lymsm
December 7, 2024 at 11:08 PM