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Scientific Reports - “How” web searches change under stress

We ubiquitously seek information to make better decisions. Particularly in the modern age, when more information is available at our fingertips than e…

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Identifying goal-relevant features in novel environments is a central challenge for efficient behaviour. We asked whether humans address this challenge by relying on prior knowledge about common properties of reward-predicting features. One such property is the rate of change of features, given that behaviourally relevant processes tend to change on a slower timescale than noise. Hence, we asked whether humans are biased to learn more when task-relevant features are slow rather than fast. To test this idea, 100 human participants were asked to learn the rewards of two-dimensional bandits when either a slowly or quickly changing feature of the bandit predicted reward. Participants accrued more reward and achieved better generalisation to unseen feature values when a bandit’s relevant feature changed slowly, and its irrelevant feature quickly, as compared to the opposite. Participants were also more likely to incorrectly base their choices on the irrelevant feature when it changed slowly versus quickly. These effects were stronger when participants experienced the feature speed before learning about rewards. Modelling this behaviour with a set of four function approximation Kalman filter models that embodied alternative hypotheses about how feature speed could affect learning revealed that participants had a higher learning rate for the slow feature, and adjusted their learning to both the relevance and the speed of feature changes. The larger the improvement in participants’ performance for slow compared to fast bandits, the more strongly they adjusted their learning rates. These results provide evidence that human reinforcement learning favours slower features, suggesting a bias in how humans approach reward learning. Author Summary Learning experiments in the laboratory are often assumed to exist in a vacuum, where participants solve a given task independently of how they learn in more natural circumstances. But humans and other animals are in fact well known to “meta learn”, i.e. to leverage generalisable assumptions about how to learn from other experiences. Taking inspiration from a well-known machine learning technique known as slow feature analysis, we investigated one specific instance of such an assumption in learning: the possibility that humans tend to focus on slowly rather than quickly changing features when learning about rewards. To test this, we developed a task where participants had to learn the value of stimuli composed of two features. Participants indeed learned better from a slowly rather than quickly changing feature that predicted reward and were more distracted by the reward-irrelevant feature when it changed slowly. Computational modelling of participant behaviour indicated that participants had a higher learning rate for slowly changing features from the outset. Hence, our results support the idea that human reinforcement learning reflects a priori assumptions about the reward structure in natural environments. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

Neurosynth-Compose App

This paper takes initial steps towards developing a theoretical framework of contemplative neuroaesthetics through sensorimotor dynamics. We first arg…

Humans possess a remarkable ability to make decisions within real-world environments that are expansive, complex, and multidimensional. Human cognitiv…

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