Thank you 😊

Thanks 😁

Fun fact: Moss caulonemal cells grow by adding new material to the tip region. This growth mechanism is called tip growth. In this region, vacuoles have complex tubule-like morphology, while in the rest of the cell, vacuoles are large and occupy most of the cell volume.

MDY64 stains plasma and vacuolar membranes and other cytosolic compartments. Vacuoles are distinguished as empty spaces surrounded by a single membrane. The circular empty space in the middle of the cell is where the nucleus resides. Captured on FV3000 confocal from Evident with 60x/1.2 W objective.

That is a good question. We don't know the exact functions of stromules. They are often part of Plant immune response. 😄

Stromules are visible due to the stroma-targeted fluorescent marker (in green). Stromules are comprised of both envelope membrane and stroma, but not chlorophyll-containing thylakoid membranes, visible here in magenta due to autofluorescence. The image was captured on an FV1000 confocal from Olympus

Forgot to add in my original post that these are caulonema cells. 😀

This is a maximum projection of a Z-stack captured on the FV3000 point scanning confocal system from Olympus/Evident using a 20x/0.75 objective and subjected to deconvolution.

The calcofluor white stained cell wall is shown in cyan, while the chlorophyll autofluorescence is in magenta.
This juvenile moss cell is characterized by apical growth, where new material is only added to the tip, while the rest of the cell is not growing. Some subapical cells can divide again.

Thank you 😊

This is a maximum projection of a Z-stack captured on the Olympus FV3000 confocal with the 60x/1.2 W objective from Olympus/Evident.

Fun fact: In mature plant cells, vacuoles occupy most of the cell volume (>90%). The entire cytosol of two neighboring cells and their shared cell wall, are squished into small spaces between two large vacuoles you can see in parts of the image.

The formation of the brighter green bulbs inside the vacuolar lumen is promoted by dimerization of EGFP in the vac-GB marker. However, some types of bulbs can occur in the WT plants, even without the marker.
The image was captured on the FV1000 confocal system from Olympus.

Protoplasts are always fascinating to look at 😄