Successful behavioral adaptation requires an ongoing assessment of rewarding outcomes based on one’s current state. A frontocentral ERP associated with reward feedback, the reward positivity (RewP), h...

The first published paper from EEGManyLabs’ replication project nullifies a null result that had complicated a famous reinforcement learning theory.

Humans are known to exhibit endogenous neural oscillations in response to rhythmic stimuli that are phase-locked and frequency matched to those stimuli, a process known as entrainment. Yet, whether entrainment, as measured by electrophysiological recordings, reflects actual processing of rhythms or merely a reflection of the periodic nature of the stimulus, is debated. Prior evidence for entrainment as a perceptual phenomenon come from studies requiring subjects to listen to, compare sequentially, or detect features in rhythmic stimuli. However, one paradigm so far not employed is one where subjects must listen to two simultaneous rhythms at different frequencies and adjust them to match. Here, human participants performed this task during EEG recordings (Exp 1), demonstrating spectral peaks at both tempo frequencies at frontocentral electrodes that shifted into alignment over the course of each trial. Behaviorally, participants tended to anchor the matched tempo to the starting comparison frequency, such that they underestimated the tempo for slower initial conditions and overestimated for faster initial conditions. A model of phase-coupled oscillators, in which both tempos were pulled towards one another, replicated both effects. This model further predicted that by enhancing the coupling strength of the constant tempo oscillator, both bias effects could be reduced. To test this, a second group of subjects performed the task while receiving 2Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to the frontocentral region. Consistent with model predictions, tACS attenuated both behavioral effects, particularly for initially slower conditions. These results support entrainment as an endogenous process that mediates beat perception.