Nature Reviews Biodiversity, Published online: 11 April 2025; doi:10.1038/s44358-025-00040-1Maintaining human well-being in an era of biodiversity loss requires understanding the role of biodiversity in ecosystem function. We argue that absolute abundance can drive ecosystem function and that this measure should be considered alongside traditional measures of biodiversity.

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Conservation efforts can be directed at multiple ecological scales, from species to ecosystems. This Perspective calls for conservation at the scale of ecological communities or assemblages and discusses the data and modelling advances that enable progress at this scale.