Abstract. Multiple methods of demography inference are based on the ancestral recombination graph. This powerful approach uses observed mutations to model

Abstract. One of the most recent crop species to be domesticated is sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris Doell.), which was bred for high sucrose con

Haplodiploid inheritance, in which females are diploid and males are haploid, is found in all species of Hymenoptera. Sex in haplodiploids is commonly determined by the alleles present at a complementary sex determination (CSD) locus, with heterozygosity triggering the female developmental pathway. The identity of this locus differs among taxa and is only known in a few species. Here, we map a single CSD locus to a 2 kbp region in the genome of the red mason bee Osmia bicornis . It overlaps the long noncoding RNA ANTSR , which has been identified as the sex-determining gene in the invasive ant Linepithema humile . This locus is homozygous in diploid males and exhibits extremely high levels of haplotype diversity, consistent with the action of frequency-dependent selection. The elevated levels of heterozygosity in the CSD locus enable us to fine-map potentially functional genetic variation within it. We also identify elevated levels of genetic diversity in the ortholog of the CSD locus in other bee genera, suggesting that it may govern sex determination widely in bees. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that ANTSR evolved a role in sex determination at least 150 million years ago and is the ancestral sex-determination locus of bees and ants. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Erik Philip-Sörensens Stiftelse Swedish Research Council, 2022-06725