Carolina Garriga
@carogarriga.bsky.social
Professor of Government, University of Essex | International/comparative political economy; Institutions; Central banks & money; FDI | Data crafter | #FirstGen | She/her
https://sites.google.com/site/carogarriga/
https://sites.google.com/site/carogarriga/
Pinned
Carolina Garriga
@carogarriga.bsky.social
· Jan 13
Ana Carolina Garriga - CBI data
***NEW DATA RELEASE - January, 2025*** Version 3 of the data covers 192 countries, between 1970 and 2023. It includes 46% more observations than the 2016 release (*). The paper describing the update...
sites.google.com
******DATA UPDATE******
Central Bank Independence: 192 countries, 1970-2023
The most comprehensive #dataset on #CentralBanks is updated and available at sites.google.com/site/carogar...
What’s new about #CBI?
Central Bank Independence: 192 countries, 1970-2023
The most comprehensive #dataset on #CentralBanks is updated and available at sites.google.com/site/carogar...
What’s new about #CBI?
The @uniessexgov.bsky.social postgraduate #FirstGen meetings for are back!
Come join us for an informal meeting next Wednesday 12 November at 12:30 in the common room!
Come join us for an informal meeting next Wednesday 12 November at 12:30 in the common room!
November 5, 2025 at 1:59 PM
The @uniessexgov.bsky.social postgraduate #FirstGen meetings for are back!
Come join us for an informal meeting next Wednesday 12 November at 12:30 in the common room!
Come join us for an informal meeting next Wednesday 12 November at 12:30 in the common room!
🔔 New paper with David Bearce (@BushSchool) in @ISQ_Jrnl, open access.
“Reconsidering the Relationship between CBI and FIX”
🔗 doi.org/10.1093/isq/...
#IPE #MonetaryPolicy #CentralBanks #CBI #Inflation #ExchangeRates #EconTwitter 🧵👇
“Reconsidering the Relationship between CBI and FIX”
🔗 doi.org/10.1093/isq/...
#IPE #MonetaryPolicy #CentralBanks #CBI #Inflation #ExchangeRates #EconTwitter 🧵👇
October 8, 2025 at 4:43 PM
🔔 New paper with David Bearce (@BushSchool) in @ISQ_Jrnl, open access.
“Reconsidering the Relationship between CBI and FIX”
🔗 doi.org/10.1093/isq/...
#IPE #MonetaryPolicy #CentralBanks #CBI #Inflation #ExchangeRates #EconTwitter 🧵👇
“Reconsidering the Relationship between CBI and FIX”
🔗 doi.org/10.1093/isq/...
#IPE #MonetaryPolicy #CentralBanks #CBI #Inflation #ExchangeRates #EconTwitter 🧵👇
I had the pleasure of joining NPR's @planetmoney.bsky.social to talk about central banks, what’s happening with the Fed, & why it matters.
Big thanks to @erikaberas.bsky.social for a fun and engaging interview (+ Carola Binder & Lev Menand).
@uniessexgov.bsky.social
www.npr.org/2025/09/05/n...
Big thanks to @erikaberas.bsky.social for a fun and engaging interview (+ Carola Binder & Lev Menand).
@uniessexgov.bsky.social
www.npr.org/2025/09/05/n...
What happens to central banks under pressure? : Planet Money
President Donald Trump has been pressuring the Federal Reserve from a few angles. So we wanted to look at other examples of political pressure on central banks, to see what it might mean for us and fo...
www.npr.org
September 7, 2025 at 9:37 AM
I had the pleasure of joining NPR's @planetmoney.bsky.social to talk about central banks, what’s happening with the Fed, & why it matters.
Big thanks to @erikaberas.bsky.social for a fun and engaging interview (+ Carola Binder & Lev Menand).
@uniessexgov.bsky.social
www.npr.org/2025/09/05/n...
Big thanks to @erikaberas.bsky.social for a fun and engaging interview (+ Carola Binder & Lev Menand).
@uniessexgov.bsky.social
www.npr.org/2025/09/05/n...
Reposted by Carolina Garriga
Cristina is one of the world's leading experts on the political economy of central banks, so you absolutely want to read this
The Fall of an Independent Fed
The Fed was never the most independent & is becoming less so in the face of Trump pressure. That could move it toward enabling inflation & government spending
New #ScienceOfPolitics podcast/transcript with Cristina Bodea
www.niskanencenter.org/the-fall-of-...
The Fed was never the most independent & is becoming less so in the face of Trump pressure. That could move it toward enabling inflation & government spending
New #ScienceOfPolitics podcast/transcript with Cristina Bodea
www.niskanencenter.org/the-fall-of-...
The fall of an independent Fed - Niskanen Center
Cristina Bodea finds that the Fed is becoming less independent in the face of public pressure.
www.niskanencenter.org
September 3, 2025 at 7:54 PM
Cristina is one of the world's leading experts on the political economy of central banks, so you absolutely want to read this
When the fallen cheer the fall...
Liz Truss backs Trump attacks on Fed www.theguardian.com/politics/202...
Liz Truss backs Trump attacks on Fed www.theguardian.com/politics/202...
Liz Truss backs Trump attacks on Fed and says ‘reckoning’ on way for central banks
Britain’s shortest-serving prime minister also critical of Bank of England and European Central Bank
www.theguardian.com
August 29, 2025 at 11:25 AM
When the fallen cheer the fall...
Liz Truss backs Trump attacks on Fed www.theguardian.com/politics/202...
Liz Truss backs Trump attacks on Fed www.theguardian.com/politics/202...
Short-term politics, long-term costs:
What happens if the independence of the Fed is under threat?
Some of the research we do at @uniessexgov.bsky.social @universityofessex.bsky.social
Link to the article with Cristina Bodea ⬇️
What happens if the independence of the Fed is under threat?
Some of the research we do at @uniessexgov.bsky.social @universityofessex.bsky.social
Link to the article with Cristina Bodea ⬇️
President Trump’s attempt to remove Fed governor Lisa Cook could undermine the economy -- and amp up inflation.
The Fed’s role is to keep decisions like interest rates tied to data, not short-term political gain. Video from an article by political economists Ana Carolina Garriga and Cristina Bodea
The Fed’s role is to keep decisions like interest rates tied to data, not short-term political gain. Video from an article by political economists Ana Carolina Garriga and Cristina Bodea
August 28, 2025 at 1:35 PM
Short-term politics, long-term costs:
What happens if the independence of the Fed is under threat?
Some of the research we do at @uniessexgov.bsky.social @universityofessex.bsky.social
Link to the article with Cristina Bodea ⬇️
What happens if the independence of the Fed is under threat?
Some of the research we do at @uniessexgov.bsky.social @universityofessex.bsky.social
Link to the article with Cristina Bodea ⬇️
Thanks, Victor!
Trump’s push to fire Fed governor threatens central bank independence − and that isn’t good news for sound economic stewardship (or battling inflation)
@us.theconversation.com
@carogarriga.bsky.social
Cristina Bodea
theconversation.com/trumps-push-...
@us.theconversation.com
@carogarriga.bsky.social
Cristina Bodea
theconversation.com/trumps-push-...
Trump’s push to fire Fed governor threatens central bank independence − and that isn’t good news for sound economic stewardship (or battling inflation)
Politicians have long coveted control over monetary policy. Good economic governance requires that they don’t get it.
theconversation.com
August 27, 2025 at 6:33 PM
Thanks, Victor!
Reposted by Carolina Garriga
I wrote a bit about Palestine Action, and how the new law will treat their members and supporters: theconversation.com/palestine-ac...
Palestine Action: what it means to proscribe a group, and what the effects could be
The UK’s list of proscribed groups currently contains 81 organisations, from Islamists like al-Qaida to neo-Nazis such as The Base.
theconversation.com
July 2, 2025 at 8:23 PM
I wrote a bit about Palestine Action, and how the new law will treat their members and supporters: theconversation.com/palestine-ac...
Reposted by Carolina Garriga
🚨 Big News for European Political Science 🚨
We’re thrilled to announce the launch of the European Political Science Society (EPSS): a new, member-led, not-for-profit association built to support our scholarly community.
🔗 epssnet.org
Here’s a thread with everything you need to know.
🧵
We’re thrilled to announce the launch of the European Political Science Society (EPSS): a new, member-led, not-for-profit association built to support our scholarly community.
🔗 epssnet.org
Here’s a thread with everything you need to know.
🧵
June 26, 2025 at 5:07 PM
🚨 Big News for European Political Science 🚨
We’re thrilled to announce the launch of the European Political Science Society (EPSS): a new, member-led, not-for-profit association built to support our scholarly community.
🔗 epssnet.org
Here’s a thread with everything you need to know.
🧵
We’re thrilled to announce the launch of the European Political Science Society (EPSS): a new, member-led, not-for-profit association built to support our scholarly community.
🔗 epssnet.org
Here’s a thread with everything you need to know.
🧵
Reposted by Carolina Garriga
Have you seen our latest NIER Journal Special Issue: "Current Issues in Central Banking"? 🏦
In this article, @uniessexgov.bsky.social's Prof @carogarriga.bsky.social analyses public confidence in the Bank of England, both at the aggregate and individual levels 📊👇
www.cambridge.org/core/journal...
In this article, @uniessexgov.bsky.social's Prof @carogarriga.bsky.social analyses public confidence in the Bank of England, both at the aggregate and individual levels 📊👇
www.cambridge.org/core/journal...
June 17, 2025 at 9:30 AM
Have you seen our latest NIER Journal Special Issue: "Current Issues in Central Banking"? 🏦
In this article, @uniessexgov.bsky.social's Prof @carogarriga.bsky.social analyses public confidence in the Bank of England, both at the aggregate and individual levels 📊👇
www.cambridge.org/core/journal...
In this article, @uniessexgov.bsky.social's Prof @carogarriga.bsky.social analyses public confidence in the Bank of England, both at the aggregate and individual levels 📊👇
www.cambridge.org/core/journal...
Reposted by Carolina Garriga
Who creates terrorism research? Which countries produce the most? How have these things changed over time? Check out my recent article.
doi.org/10.1080/1057...
doi.org/10.1080/1057...
Who Are the Terrorism Researchers? A Study of Scholars in an Evolving Field, 1970–2019
Debates rage about diversity and representation. How diverse is terrorism studies? How has it changed over time? This article analyzes data on the nearly 2,000 terrorism scholars in the Web of Scie...
doi.org
May 6, 2025 at 4:39 PM
Who creates terrorism research? Which countries produce the most? How have these things changed over time? Check out my recent article.
doi.org/10.1080/1057...
doi.org/10.1080/1057...
Come to @uniessexgov.bsky.social and the @essexsummerschool.bsky.social. World class trainining in politics and methods, with low tuition, and in an environment that embraces diversity and fosters exchange of ideas 💡
Imagine if the UK had a campaign like this. And not just to attract scientists, but also students. Tweets cost very little.
Not just the UK, but... any university.
Not just the UK, but... any university.
Freedom of science and research is one of Europe's great strengths.
It’s how excellence and innovation thrive.
We’ll make proposals to help scientists and researchers ‘Choose Europe’.
The best and brightest from around the world.
To make Europe the home of innovation again.
→ europa.eu/!JFF7jm
It’s how excellence and innovation thrive.
We’ll make proposals to help scientists and researchers ‘Choose Europe’.
The best and brightest from around the world.
To make Europe the home of innovation again.
→ europa.eu/!JFF7jm
April 29, 2025 at 6:46 PM
Come to @uniessexgov.bsky.social and the @essexsummerschool.bsky.social. World class trainining in politics and methods, with low tuition, and in an environment that embraces diversity and fosters exchange of ideas 💡
Thinking about improving your #methods skills this summer? What about splitting your classwork between England and Switzerland?
Look at the new partnership between @essexsummerschool.bsky.social and GSERM St.Gallen 👇
#MachineLearning #AI #SummerSchool #ESS
Look at the new partnership between @essexsummerschool.bsky.social and GSERM St.Gallen 👇
#MachineLearning #AI #SummerSchool #ESS
Excited to announce our partnership with GSERM for Summer 2025! Take machine learning courses at both schools at discounted rates. From ML fundamentals to GenAI - build your skills across both programs! Details:
gserm.org/2025/03/co-o...
gserm.org/2025/03/co-o...
Co-operation with Essex Summer School 2025 – GSERM
Thanks to our valuable co-operation with the renowned Essex Summer School, we offer a special course bundle. If you attend at least one of the following courses of GSERM St.Gallen and Essex Summer Sch...
gserm.org
April 28, 2025 at 1:58 PM
Thinking about improving your #methods skills this summer? What about splitting your classwork between England and Switzerland?
Look at the new partnership between @essexsummerschool.bsky.social and GSERM St.Gallen 👇
#MachineLearning #AI #SummerSchool #ESS
Look at the new partnership between @essexsummerschool.bsky.social and GSERM St.Gallen 👇
#MachineLearning #AI #SummerSchool #ESS
Our thoughts about attacks to the Fed's independence, today in @us.theconversation.com
Trump’s attacks on central bank threaten its independence − and that isn’t good news for sound economic stewardship (or battling inflation) theconversation.com/trumps-attac...
Trump’s attacks on central bank threaten its independence − and that isn’t good news for sound economic stewardship (or battling inflation) theconversation.com/trumps-attac...
Trump’s attacks on central bank threaten its independence − and that isn’t good news for sound economic stewardship (or battling inflation)
Monetary policy can be wielded as a tool to boost an economy around election time, which explains why politicians want to have a say on it.
theconversation.com
April 18, 2025 at 7:02 PM
Our thoughts about attacks to the Fed's independence, today in @us.theconversation.com
Trump’s attacks on central bank threaten its independence − and that isn’t good news for sound economic stewardship (or battling inflation) theconversation.com/trumps-attac...
Trump’s attacks on central bank threaten its independence − and that isn’t good news for sound economic stewardship (or battling inflation) theconversation.com/trumps-attac...
After many years of work, I'm very happy to see the article in print! Central bank independence in the world, 1970-2023 edition
Summary in 🧵👇
Summary in 🧵👇
How has central bank independence (CBI) evolved? @carogarriga.bsky.social presents the most comprehensive dataset on CBI, its main dimensions (personnel independence, objectives, policy formulation and limits on lending), and additional variables for 192 countries (1970-2023).
tinyurl.com/sqaf024
tinyurl.com/sqaf024
Revisiting Central Bank Independence in the World: An Extended Dataset
Abstracts. How has central bank independence (CBI) changed over time and across countries? This paper introduces the most comprehensive dataset on de jure
tinyurl.com
April 16, 2025 at 7:29 PM
After many years of work, I'm very happy to see the article in print! Central bank independence in the world, 1970-2023 edition
Summary in 🧵👇
Summary in 🧵👇
A great survey of the literature about green central banking
New article!
This review surveys the state of knowledge regarding central bank activity on climate change, and argues that there is considerable indeterminacy in the trajectory of this activity & its potential to contribute to effective climate action.
doi.org/10.1080/0964...
This review surveys the state of knowledge regarding central bank activity on climate change, and argues that there is considerable indeterminacy in the trajectory of this activity & its potential to contribute to effective climate action.
doi.org/10.1080/0964...
April 1, 2025 at 8:48 AM
A great survey of the literature about green central banking
Reposted by Carolina Garriga
Cool to see @universityofessex.bsky.social Government Department in Top 10 of European Poli Sci departments in most categories. Top 10 globally for "recent impact."
Congrats to 3 great colleagues for being ranked among top scholars! Bohmelt, Ezrow, and Gleditsch
doi.org/10.1017/S104...
Congrats to 3 great colleagues for being ranked among top scholars! Bohmelt, Ezrow, and Gleditsch
doi.org/10.1017/S104...
A Global Ranking of Research Productivity of Political Science Departments | PS: Political Science & Politics | Cambridge Core
A Global Ranking of Research Productivity of Political Science Departments
doi.org
March 28, 2025 at 11:30 AM
Cool to see @universityofessex.bsky.social Government Department in Top 10 of European Poli Sci departments in most categories. Top 10 globally for "recent impact."
Congrats to 3 great colleagues for being ranked among top scholars! Bohmelt, Ezrow, and Gleditsch
doi.org/10.1017/S104...
Congrats to 3 great colleagues for being ranked among top scholars! Bohmelt, Ezrow, and Gleditsch
doi.org/10.1017/S104...
Happy to see in print my article with @muzhou-zhang.bsky.social, one of our @universityofessex.bsky.social's bright recent PhD graduates.
Are Foreign Firms Good for the Environment? FDI and Protected Areas tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.... (open access).
A short summary 🧵👇
1/7
Are Foreign Firms Good for the Environment? FDI and Protected Areas tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.... (open access).
A short summary 🧵👇
1/7
Are Foreign Firms Good for the Environment? FDI and Protected Areas
Despite the coexistence of three trends—increased economic integration, a dramatic reduction in biodiversity, and the implementation of national policies to reduce extinction risks—we know little a...
tandfonline.com
March 20, 2025 at 5:55 PM
Happy to see in print my article with @muzhou-zhang.bsky.social, one of our @universityofessex.bsky.social's bright recent PhD graduates.
Are Foreign Firms Good for the Environment? FDI and Protected Areas tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.... (open access).
A short summary 🧵👇
1/7
Are Foreign Firms Good for the Environment? FDI and Protected Areas tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.... (open access).
A short summary 🧵👇
1/7
Reposted by Carolina Garriga
The Essex Summer School in Social Science Data Analysis is now on Bluesky!
Follow this account for updates. Applications open soon!
Follow this account for updates. Applications open soon!
Welcome to the Essex Summer School in Social Science Data Analysis! 🎉
We’re excited to have you here!
Stay tuned for updates on our 58th Essex Summer School this summer, plus insights on data skills, new methods, research connections and more.
Thanks for joining us! 👋
We’re excited to have you here!
Stay tuned for updates on our 58th Essex Summer School this summer, plus insights on data skills, new methods, research connections and more.
Thanks for joining us! 👋
February 10, 2025 at 6:37 PM
The Essex Summer School in Social Science Data Analysis is now on Bluesky!
Follow this account for updates. Applications open soon!
Follow this account for updates. Applications open soon!
Reposted by Carolina Garriga
🚨 🧵 🚨 New working paper w/ @carogarriga.bsky.social @andreaskern.bsky.social. 🚨 🧵 🚨
Central bank independence (CBI) is under threat.
We try to understand what citizens think of CBI. TLDR: it's tied to partisan politics not policy.
papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers....
Central bank independence (CBI) is under threat.
We try to understand what citizens think of CBI. TLDR: it's tied to partisan politics not policy.
papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers....
Information, Party Politics, and Public Support for Central Bank Independence
Why do citizens support central bank independence (CBI)? Despite important research on economic and political reasons to grant independence to central banks, we
papers.ssrn.com
February 10, 2025 at 1:46 PM
🚨 🧵 🚨 New working paper w/ @carogarriga.bsky.social @andreaskern.bsky.social. 🚨 🧵 🚨
Central bank independence (CBI) is under threat.
We try to understand what citizens think of CBI. TLDR: it's tied to partisan politics not policy.
papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers....
Central bank independence (CBI) is under threat.
We try to understand what citizens think of CBI. TLDR: it's tied to partisan politics not policy.
papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers....
Reposted by Carolina Garriga
Check out this piece on the link between foreign aid and investment (FDI) in post-conflict countries like Syria.
TLDR: Aid can be a signal to investors. Hopefully aid to Syria will continue.
by my favorite co-author @carogarriga.bsky.social and me :)
theconversation.com/will-multina...
TLDR: Aid can be a signal to investors. Hopefully aid to Syria will continue.
by my favorite co-author @carogarriga.bsky.social and me :)
theconversation.com/will-multina...
Will multinational companies flock to Syria? Maybe, if foreign aid arrives first
Our research suggests companies look to foreign aid as a signal about whether or not to invest in post-war countries.
theconversation.com
February 3, 2025 at 1:58 PM
Check out this piece on the link between foreign aid and investment (FDI) in post-conflict countries like Syria.
TLDR: Aid can be a signal to investors. Hopefully aid to Syria will continue.
by my favorite co-author @carogarriga.bsky.social and me :)
theconversation.com/will-multina...
TLDR: Aid can be a signal to investors. Hopefully aid to Syria will continue.
by my favorite co-author @carogarriga.bsky.social and me :)
theconversation.com/will-multina...
I'd like to know more about that 30%...
The number of Britons saying the UK was right to vote to leave the EU has hit its lowest level since the referendum, ahead of the fifth anniversary of Brexit on Friday
Right to vote to leave: 30% (-3 from Nov)
Wrong to vote to leave: 55% (=)
yougov.co.uk/politics/art...
Right to vote to leave: 30% (-3 from Nov)
Wrong to vote to leave: 55% (=)
yougov.co.uk/politics/art...
January 31, 2025 at 6:54 AM
I'd like to know more about that 30%...
Some of the work I did while visiting at @niesrorg.bsky.social just came out!
Data show that public confidence depends in part on the Bank’s actual performance, but objective performance & perception of this performance only explain 1/4 of the variance.
More👉 doi.org/10.1017/nie.... (open access)
Data show that public confidence depends in part on the Bank’s actual performance, but objective performance & perception of this performance only explain 1/4 of the variance.
More👉 doi.org/10.1017/nie.... (open access)
PUBLIC CONFIDENCE IN THE BANK OF ENGLAND | National Institute Economic Review | Cambridge Core
PUBLIC CONFIDENCE IN THE BANK OF ENGLAND
doi.org
January 23, 2025 at 1:57 PM
Some of the work I did while visiting at @niesrorg.bsky.social just came out!
Data show that public confidence depends in part on the Bank’s actual performance, but objective performance & perception of this performance only explain 1/4 of the variance.
More👉 doi.org/10.1017/nie.... (open access)
Data show that public confidence depends in part on the Bank’s actual performance, but objective performance & perception of this performance only explain 1/4 of the variance.
More👉 doi.org/10.1017/nie.... (open access)
"A decade after graduation, the average salary for Politics and International Relations first degree graduates is £5000 above the average graduate salary. For postgraduate taught graduates in the discipline, the average salary is £9000 higher than for all subjects."
A new British Academy report on Politics and International Relations provision in UK higher education has found that it remains a popular subject, with graduates out-earning national averages. Read the report in full:
www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/news/new-rep...
www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/news/new-rep...
New report uncovers popularity of Politics and International Relations degrees, with graduates outearning national averages
A new British Academy report on Politics and International Relations (PIR) provision in UK higher education shows a 20 per cent increase in first degree enrolments and a 41 per cent rise in postgradua...
www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk
January 23, 2025 at 9:17 AM
"A decade after graduation, the average salary for Politics and International Relations first degree graduates is £5000 above the average graduate salary. For postgraduate taught graduates in the discipline, the average salary is £9000 higher than for all subjects."
Reposted by Carolina Garriga
Yes this exec order says the US will declare (unnamed!) cartels as EITHER Foreign Terrorist Organizations OR Specially Designated Global Terrorists.
There's a big difference between FTO and SDGT status.
Only FTO status criminalizes material support to a group.
www.whitehouse.gov/presidential...
There's a big difference between FTO and SDGT status.
Only FTO status criminalizes material support to a group.
www.whitehouse.gov/presidential...
Designating Cartels And Other Organizations As Foreign Terrorist Organizations And Specially Designated Global Terrorists – The White House
DESIGNATING CARTELS AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS AS FOREIGN TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS AND SPECIALLY DESIGNATED GLOBAL TERRORISTS By the authority vested in me as
www.whitehouse.gov
January 21, 2025 at 11:24 AM
Yes this exec order says the US will declare (unnamed!) cartels as EITHER Foreign Terrorist Organizations OR Specially Designated Global Terrorists.
There's a big difference between FTO and SDGT status.
Only FTO status criminalizes material support to a group.
www.whitehouse.gov/presidential...
There's a big difference between FTO and SDGT status.
Only FTO status criminalizes material support to a group.
www.whitehouse.gov/presidential...