Thomas Gangale, JSD
@thomasgangale.bsky.social
Aerospace engineer, political scientist, international relations scholar, space jurist, space historian, dog walker, cat herder, Visiting Professor at the University of Mars.
November 19, 2025 at 12:23 AM
#Martian
To-sol is 221 Gemini 28.
On this sol in 187 (1961 December 07):
The first Kiwi-B nuclear thermal rocket engine ground test using liquid hydrogen was intended to run the engine at 270 MW for 300 seconds, but the test was scrammed after only 36 seconds at 225 MW.
To-sol is 221 Gemini 28.
On this sol in 187 (1961 December 07):
The first Kiwi-B nuclear thermal rocket engine ground test using liquid hydrogen was intended to run the engine at 270 MW for 300 seconds, but the test was scrammed after only 36 seconds at 225 MW.
November 17, 2025 at 8:43 PM
#Martian
To-sol is 221 Gemini 28.
On this sol in 187 (1961 December 07):
The first Kiwi-B nuclear thermal rocket engine ground test using liquid hydrogen was intended to run the engine at 270 MW for 300 seconds, but the test was scrammed after only 36 seconds at 225 MW.
To-sol is 221 Gemini 28.
On this sol in 187 (1961 December 07):
The first Kiwi-B nuclear thermal rocket engine ground test using liquid hydrogen was intended to run the engine at 270 MW for 300 seconds, but the test was scrammed after only 36 seconds at 225 MW.
#Martian
On this sol in 202 (1990 February 22):
The songs “Mars Needs Women: They’re Here” and “Mars Needs Women: Space Is a Lonely Place” by the American jazz quartet Bela Fleck and the Flecktones were released on their eponymous CD.
On this sol in 202 (1990 February 22):
The songs “Mars Needs Women: They’re Here” and “Mars Needs Women: Space Is a Lonely Place” by the American jazz quartet Bela Fleck and the Flecktones were released on their eponymous CD.
November 16, 2025 at 8:05 PM
#Martian
On this sol in 202 (1990 February 22):
The songs “Mars Needs Women: They’re Here” and “Mars Needs Women: Space Is a Lonely Place” by the American jazz quartet Bela Fleck and the Flecktones were released on their eponymous CD.
On this sol in 202 (1990 February 22):
The songs “Mars Needs Women: They’re Here” and “Mars Needs Women: Space Is a Lonely Place” by the American jazz quartet Bela Fleck and the Flecktones were released on their eponymous CD.
#Martian
On this sol in 149 (1890 June 15):
William H. Pickering drew a sketch of Mars. The lack of detail suggests a global dust storm; however, Pickering's drawings both earlier and later during this apparition of Mars show the expected albedo features.
On this sol in 149 (1890 June 15):
William H. Pickering drew a sketch of Mars. The lack of detail suggests a global dust storm; however, Pickering's drawings both earlier and later during this apparition of Mars show the expected albedo features.
November 15, 2025 at 5:50 PM
#Martian
On this sol in 149 (1890 June 15):
William H. Pickering drew a sketch of Mars. The lack of detail suggests a global dust storm; however, Pickering's drawings both earlier and later during this apparition of Mars show the expected albedo features.
On this sol in 149 (1890 June 15):
William H. Pickering drew a sketch of Mars. The lack of detail suggests a global dust storm; however, Pickering's drawings both earlier and later during this apparition of Mars show the expected albedo features.
#Martian
To-sol is 221 Gemini 26.
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 24):
Angelo Secchi drew a sketch of Mars. “Atmosphere thick, the disc appears to be brown in color.”
The paucity of detail compared to his drawings made days earlier suggests that a global dust storm was raging.
To-sol is 221 Gemini 26.
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 24):
Angelo Secchi drew a sketch of Mars. “Atmosphere thick, the disc appears to be brown in color.”
The paucity of detail compared to his drawings made days earlier suggests that a global dust storm was raging.
November 15, 2025 at 5:43 PM
#Martian
To-sol is 221 Gemini 26.
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 24):
Angelo Secchi drew a sketch of Mars. “Atmosphere thick, the disc appears to be brown in color.”
The paucity of detail compared to his drawings made days earlier suggests that a global dust storm was raging.
To-sol is 221 Gemini 26.
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 24):
Angelo Secchi drew a sketch of Mars. “Atmosphere thick, the disc appears to be brown in color.”
The paucity of detail compared to his drawings made days earlier suggests that a global dust storm was raging.
#Martian
On this sol in 201 (1988 April 01):
The Monuments of Mars by Mark Dwane was released on CD (date approximate). Cover art by Dameon Likowski.
On this sol in 201 (1988 April 01):
The Monuments of Mars by Mark Dwane was released on CD (date approximate). Cover art by Dameon Likowski.
November 12, 2025 at 4:15 PM
#Martian
On this sol in 201 (1988 April 01):
The Monuments of Mars by Mark Dwane was released on CD (date approximate). Cover art by Dameon Likowski.
On this sol in 201 (1988 April 01):
The Monuments of Mars by Mark Dwane was released on CD (date approximate). Cover art by Dameon Likowski.
#Martian Computer simulation of Alex Karras's 1974 September 16 quip in Buffalo on Monday Night Football about Oakland Raiders defensive tackle Otis Sistrunk having come "out of the University of Mars." Darian date 194 Mina 28. The actual film clip is unreleased.
November 11, 2025 at 7:46 PM
#Martian Computer simulation of Alex Karras's 1974 September 16 quip in Buffalo on Monday Night Football about Oakland Raiders defensive tackle Otis Sistrunk having come "out of the University of Mars." Darian date 194 Mina 28. The actual film clip is unreleased.
#Martian
On this sol in 206 (1997 August 26):
MPF Sol 52: This image mosaic shows the Rock Garden, the region of the Mars Pathfinder landing site that the Sojourner rover started investigating on Sol 52. The Twin Peaks are visible in the distance.
On this sol in 206 (1997 August 26):
MPF Sol 52: This image mosaic shows the Rock Garden, the region of the Mars Pathfinder landing site that the Sojourner rover started investigating on Sol 52. The Twin Peaks are visible in the distance.
November 11, 2025 at 3:38 PM
#Martian
On this sol in 206 (1997 August 26):
MPF Sol 52: This image mosaic shows the Rock Garden, the region of the Mars Pathfinder landing site that the Sojourner rover started investigating on Sol 52. The Twin Peaks are visible in the distance.
On this sol in 206 (1997 August 26):
MPF Sol 52: This image mosaic shows the Rock Garden, the region of the Mars Pathfinder landing site that the Sojourner rover started investigating on Sol 52. The Twin Peaks are visible in the distance.
On this sol in 188 (1963 October 19):
The animated short film "Mad as a Mars Hare" was released. Marvin the Martian is monitoring through his telescope a rocket launch on Earth. The rocket heads straight for him and lands on Mars. The only occupant is Bugs Bunny...
The animated short film "Mad as a Mars Hare" was released. Marvin the Martian is monitoring through his telescope a rocket launch on Earth. The rocket heads straight for him and lands on Mars. The only occupant is Bugs Bunny...
November 11, 2025 at 3:33 PM
On this sol in 188 (1963 October 19):
The animated short film "Mad as a Mars Hare" was released. Marvin the Martian is monitoring through his telescope a rocket launch on Earth. The rocket heads straight for him and lands on Mars. The only occupant is Bugs Bunny...
The animated short film "Mad as a Mars Hare" was released. Marvin the Martian is monitoring through his telescope a rocket launch on Earth. The rocket heads straight for him and lands on Mars. The only occupant is Bugs Bunny...
#Martian
On this sol in 187 (1961 December 01):
"The Memory of Mars" by Raymond F. Jones appeared in Amazing Stories. "As soon as I'm well we'll go to Mars for a vacation again," Alice would say. But now she was dead, and the surgeons said she was not even human.
On this sol in 187 (1961 December 01):
"The Memory of Mars" by Raymond F. Jones appeared in Amazing Stories. "As soon as I'm well we'll go to Mars for a vacation again," Alice would say. But now she was dead, and the surgeons said she was not even human.
November 11, 2025 at 3:26 PM
#Martian
On this sol in 187 (1961 December 01):
"The Memory of Mars" by Raymond F. Jones appeared in Amazing Stories. "As soon as I'm well we'll go to Mars for a vacation again," Alice would say. But now she was dead, and the surgeons said she was not even human.
On this sol in 187 (1961 December 01):
"The Memory of Mars" by Raymond F. Jones appeared in Amazing Stories. "As soon as I'm well we'll go to Mars for a vacation again," Alice would say. But now she was dead, and the surgeons said she was not even human.
#Martian
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 20):
Angelo Secchi drew a sketch of Mars. “The drawing was made when the canal [Canale Atlantico, later named Syrtis Major] was already at the edge of the disc and we only see slight ashy streaks on a red background.”
A global dust storm is evident.
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 20):
Angelo Secchi drew a sketch of Mars. “The drawing was made when the canal [Canale Atlantico, later named Syrtis Major] was already at the edge of the disc and we only see slight ashy streaks on a red background.”
A global dust storm is evident.
November 11, 2025 at 3:12 PM
#Martian
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 20):
Angelo Secchi drew a sketch of Mars. “The drawing was made when the canal [Canale Atlantico, later named Syrtis Major] was already at the edge of the disc and we only see slight ashy streaks on a red background.”
A global dust storm is evident.
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 20):
Angelo Secchi drew a sketch of Mars. “The drawing was made when the canal [Canale Atlantico, later named Syrtis Major] was already at the edge of the disc and we only see slight ashy streaks on a red background.”
A global dust storm is evident.
#Martian
To-sol is 221 Gemini 20.
On this sol in 158 (1907 May 15):
During the War of the Worlds, the Martians launched the third of ten cylinders toward Earth.
Interior art by Alvim Correa from the 1906 Belgian edition: “The Martians start their journey to attack earth.”
To-sol is 221 Gemini 20.
On this sol in 158 (1907 May 15):
During the War of the Worlds, the Martians launched the third of ten cylinders toward Earth.
Interior art by Alvim Correa from the 1906 Belgian edition: “The Martians start their journey to attack earth.”
November 9, 2025 at 7:25 PM
#Martian
To-sol is 221 Gemini 20.
On this sol in 158 (1907 May 15):
During the War of the Worlds, the Martians launched the third of ten cylinders toward Earth.
Interior art by Alvim Correa from the 1906 Belgian edition: “The Martians start their journey to attack earth.”
To-sol is 221 Gemini 20.
On this sol in 158 (1907 May 15):
During the War of the Worlds, the Martians launched the third of ten cylinders toward Earth.
Interior art by Alvim Correa from the 1906 Belgian edition: “The Martians start their journey to attack earth.”
#Martian
On this sol in 210 (2005 February 28):
MER-B Sol 391: The previous drive left Opportunity in a position where it could make its final approach to the lip of one of the craters in a cluster of three small craters.
Panorama of Naturaliste Crater in Meridiani Planum
On this sol in 210 (2005 February 28):
MER-B Sol 391: The previous drive left Opportunity in a position where it could make its final approach to the lip of one of the craters in a cluster of three small craters.
Panorama of Naturaliste Crater in Meridiani Planum
November 8, 2025 at 4:24 PM
#Martian
On this sol in 210 (2005 February 28):
MER-B Sol 391: The previous drive left Opportunity in a position where it could make its final approach to the lip of one of the craters in a cluster of three small craters.
Panorama of Naturaliste Crater in Meridiani Planum
On this sol in 210 (2005 February 28):
MER-B Sol 391: The previous drive left Opportunity in a position where it could make its final approach to the lip of one of the craters in a cluster of three small craters.
Panorama of Naturaliste Crater in Meridiani Planum
#Martian
On this sol in 206 (1997 August 23):
MPF Sol 50: This image taken near the end of daytime operations shows the Sojourner rover between the rocks Wedge (foreground) and Shark (behind rover).
—NASA/JPL
On this sol in 206 (1997 August 23):
MPF Sol 50: This image taken near the end of daytime operations shows the Sojourner rover between the rocks Wedge (foreground) and Shark (behind rover).
—NASA/JPL
November 8, 2025 at 4:12 PM
#Martian
On this sol in 206 (1997 August 23):
MPF Sol 50: This image taken near the end of daytime operations shows the Sojourner rover between the rocks Wedge (foreground) and Shark (behind rover).
—NASA/JPL
On this sol in 206 (1997 August 23):
MPF Sol 50: This image taken near the end of daytime operations shows the Sojourner rover between the rocks Wedge (foreground) and Shark (behind rover).
—NASA/JPL
#Martian
On this sol in 189 (1965 September 01):
"Under Two Moons" by Frederik Pohl appeared in If (date approximate). A James Bond parody, with a moronic and self-complacent secret agent as a hero. Interior art by Wallace Wood.
On this sol in 189 (1965 September 01):
"Under Two Moons" by Frederik Pohl appeared in If (date approximate). A James Bond parody, with a moronic and self-complacent secret agent as a hero. Interior art by Wallace Wood.
November 8, 2025 at 3:58 PM
#Martian
On this sol in 189 (1965 September 01):
"Under Two Moons" by Frederik Pohl appeared in If (date approximate). A James Bond parody, with a moronic and self-complacent secret agent as a hero. Interior art by Wallace Wood.
On this sol in 189 (1965 September 01):
"Under Two Moons" by Frederik Pohl appeared in If (date approximate). A James Bond parody, with a moronic and self-complacent secret agent as a hero. Interior art by Wallace Wood.
#Martian
On this sol in 163 (1916 October 08):
Spark Masayuki Matsunaga was born; American politician; U.S. Senator, Hawaii; author of The Mars Project: Journeys Beyond the Cold War (1986); signer of the Planetary Society’s Mars Declaration.
On this sol in 163 (1916 October 08):
Spark Masayuki Matsunaga was born; American politician; U.S. Senator, Hawaii; author of The Mars Project: Journeys Beyond the Cold War (1986); signer of the Planetary Society’s Mars Declaration.
November 8, 2025 at 3:43 PM
#Martian
On this sol in 163 (1916 October 08):
Spark Masayuki Matsunaga was born; American politician; U.S. Senator, Hawaii; author of The Mars Project: Journeys Beyond the Cold War (1986); signer of the Planetary Society’s Mars Declaration.
On this sol in 163 (1916 October 08):
Spark Masayuki Matsunaga was born; American politician; U.S. Senator, Hawaii; author of The Mars Project: Journeys Beyond the Cold War (1986); signer of the Planetary Society’s Mars Declaration.
#Martian
On this sol in 158 (1907 May 14):
During the War of the Worlds, the Martians launched the second of ten cylinders toward Earth.
Interior art by Alvim Correa from the 1906 Belgian edition.
On this sol in 158 (1907 May 14):
During the War of the Worlds, the Martians launched the second of ten cylinders toward Earth.
Interior art by Alvim Correa from the 1906 Belgian edition.
November 8, 2025 at 3:35 PM
#Martian
On this sol in 158 (1907 May 14):
During the War of the Worlds, the Martians launched the second of ten cylinders toward Earth.
Interior art by Alvim Correa from the 1906 Belgian edition.
On this sol in 158 (1907 May 14):
During the War of the Worlds, the Martians launched the second of ten cylinders toward Earth.
Interior art by Alvim Correa from the 1906 Belgian edition.
#Martian
To-sol is 221 Gemini 19.
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 17):
Angelo Secchi drew a sketch of Mars. “The body of the dark spot [Syrtis Major] is crossed by several white veils. What are they? On the 15th, we did not see them.”
The drawing suggests a developing dust storm.
To-sol is 221 Gemini 19.
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 17):
Angelo Secchi drew a sketch of Mars. “The body of the dark spot [Syrtis Major] is crossed by several white veils. What are they? On the 15th, we did not see them.”
The drawing suggests a developing dust storm.
November 8, 2025 at 3:19 PM
#Martian
To-sol is 221 Gemini 19.
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 17):
Angelo Secchi drew a sketch of Mars. “The body of the dark spot [Syrtis Major] is crossed by several white veils. What are they? On the 15th, we did not see them.”
The drawing suggests a developing dust storm.
To-sol is 221 Gemini 19.
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 17):
Angelo Secchi drew a sketch of Mars. “The body of the dark spot [Syrtis Major] is crossed by several white veils. What are they? On the 15th, we did not see them.”
The drawing suggests a developing dust storm.
On this sol in 158 (1907 May 13):
The Martians launched the first of ten cylinders toward Earth, beginning the War of the Worlds.
Poster art by Alvim Correa for the 1906 Belgian edition.
The Martians launched the first of ten cylinders toward Earth, beginning the War of the Worlds.
Poster art by Alvim Correa for the 1906 Belgian edition.
November 7, 2025 at 6:04 PM
On this sol in 158 (1907 May 13):
The Martians launched the first of ten cylinders toward Earth, beginning the War of the Worlds.
Poster art by Alvim Correa for the 1906 Belgian edition.
The Martians launched the first of ten cylinders toward Earth, beginning the War of the Worlds.
Poster art by Alvim Correa for the 1906 Belgian edition.
#Martian
To-sol is 221 Gemini 18.
LS 167.9°
Curiosity Sol 4712
Perseverance Sol 1677
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 16):
Angelo Secchi observed Mars. “Cloudy atmosphere.” Comparison of this drawing with those from previous nights suggests a developing dust storm.
To-sol is 221 Gemini 18.
LS 167.9°
Curiosity Sol 4712
Perseverance Sol 1677
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 16):
Angelo Secchi observed Mars. “Cloudy atmosphere.” Comparison of this drawing with those from previous nights suggests a developing dust storm.
November 7, 2025 at 5:31 PM
#Martian
To-sol is 221 Gemini 18.
LS 167.9°
Curiosity Sol 4712
Perseverance Sol 1677
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 16):
Angelo Secchi observed Mars. “Cloudy atmosphere.” Comparison of this drawing with those from previous nights suggests a developing dust storm.
To-sol is 221 Gemini 18.
LS 167.9°
Curiosity Sol 4712
Perseverance Sol 1677
On this sol in 132 (1858 June 16):
Angelo Secchi observed Mars. “Cloudy atmosphere.” Comparison of this drawing with those from previous nights suggests a developing dust storm.
#Martian
On this sol in 206 (1997 August 20):
MPF Sol 47: In this image the vantage point of the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) camera provides a view looking into the throat of the APXS. The APXS is the round object in the center of the front surface of the rover.
—NASA/JPL
On this sol in 206 (1997 August 20):
MPF Sol 47: In this image the vantage point of the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) camera provides a view looking into the throat of the APXS. The APXS is the round object in the center of the front surface of the rover.
—NASA/JPL
November 6, 2025 at 3:26 PM
#Martian
On this sol in 206 (1997 August 20):
MPF Sol 47: In this image the vantage point of the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) camera provides a view looking into the throat of the APXS. The APXS is the round object in the center of the front surface of the rover.
—NASA/JPL
On this sol in 206 (1997 August 20):
MPF Sol 47: In this image the vantage point of the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) camera provides a view looking into the throat of the APXS. The APXS is the round object in the center of the front surface of the rover.
—NASA/JPL
#Martian
On this sol in 182 (1952 July 01):
"Men Only" by E.C. Tubb appeared in New Worlds. Even when the Martian colony had settled its marital problems and life on the dusty planet was almost bearable, there was little hope for future generations. If there were any future generations.
On this sol in 182 (1952 July 01):
"Men Only" by E.C. Tubb appeared in New Worlds. Even when the Martian colony had settled its marital problems and life on the dusty planet was almost bearable, there was little hope for future generations. If there were any future generations.
November 6, 2025 at 3:21 PM
#Martian
On this sol in 182 (1952 July 01):
"Men Only" by E.C. Tubb appeared in New Worlds. Even when the Martian colony had settled its marital problems and life on the dusty planet was almost bearable, there was little hope for future generations. If there were any future generations.
On this sol in 182 (1952 July 01):
"Men Only" by E.C. Tubb appeared in New Worlds. Even when the Martian colony had settled its marital problems and life on the dusty planet was almost bearable, there was little hope for future generations. If there were any future generations.
#Martian
On this sol in 182 (1952 July 01):
“Dumb Martian” by John Wyndham appeared in Galaxy Science Fiction. Withers, a gruff, bigoted pioneer on Mars buys himself a Martian wife for company. Like all her race, Lellie cannot speak and Withers treats her like a slave.
On this sol in 182 (1952 July 01):
“Dumb Martian” by John Wyndham appeared in Galaxy Science Fiction. Withers, a gruff, bigoted pioneer on Mars buys himself a Martian wife for company. Like all her race, Lellie cannot speak and Withers treats her like a slave.
November 6, 2025 at 3:12 PM
#Martian
On this sol in 182 (1952 July 01):
“Dumb Martian” by John Wyndham appeared in Galaxy Science Fiction. Withers, a gruff, bigoted pioneer on Mars buys himself a Martian wife for company. Like all her race, Lellie cannot speak and Withers treats her like a slave.
On this sol in 182 (1952 July 01):
“Dumb Martian” by John Wyndham appeared in Galaxy Science Fiction. Withers, a gruff, bigoted pioneer on Mars buys himself a Martian wife for company. Like all her race, Lellie cannot speak and Withers treats her like a slave.