Surface Ocean CO₂ Atlas
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socatco2.bsky.social
Surface Ocean CO₂ Atlas
@socatco2.bsky.social
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https://www.socat.info

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socatco2.bsky.social
Thea Heimdal et al.* explore the potential impact of adding observations from autonomous platforms to pCO₂ reconstructions in the Southern Ocean.

doi.org/10.5194/bg-2...

#co2 #ocean #SouthernOcean

Galen McKinley, Adrienne Sutton, Amanda Fay, Lucas Gloege
Figure 2Saildrone uncrewed surface vehicle (USV) tracks representing the first circumnavigation around Antarctica from 2019 in maroon (one-latitude track; Sutton et al., 2021) and an alternative virtual route with meridional coverage (zigzag track).
November 17, 2025 at 2:22 PM
socatco2.bsky.social
Jamie Shutler et al. (too many to mention) explore the crucial role that satellite observations play in understanding the ocean carbon sink and acidification.

doi.org/10.1016/j.ea...

#ocean #carbon #satellite
Fig. 2. Recent advances in satellite observation-based data for studying the surface water marine carbonate system. a) Global assessments of the amount of gaseous CO2 (pCO2) can be mapped using satellite observations in conjunction with in situ databases to provide decadal-scale monthly data inputs to annual carbon assessments (i.e. Friedlingstein et al., 2021) (data from Gregor and Gruber, 2021); b) Regional assessments using satellite observation-based methods can quantify alkalinity and dissolved carbon flowing from the Amazon into the Atlantic (data from Land et al., 2019).
November 14, 2025 at 11:53 AM
socatco2.bsky.social
Moritz Mathis et al.* explore the mechanisms behind enhanced coastal CO₂ uptake.

doi.org/10.1038/s415...

#ocean #co2 #coast

*Fabrice Lacroix, Stefan Hagemann, David Marcolino Nielsen, Tatiana Ilyina & Corinna Schrum
Fig. 4: Simulated change signal of ocean–atmosphere CO₂ flux during the twentieth century (1991–2010 of hist minus ctrl), shown for the coastal ocean.
October 27, 2025 at 10:14 AM
socatco2.bsky.social
Yujun Liu, Yijun He and Yating Shao explore the impact of cold season Arctic cyclones on the carbon sink of the marginal sea ice zone.

doi.org/10.1016/j.sc...

#arctic #co2 #cyclone
October 17, 2025 at 7:17 AM
socatco2.bsky.social
Enhui Liao, Wenfang Lu, Liang Xue, and Yan Du attribute an anomalous drop in Indian Ocean CO₂ uptake to large-scale warming and reduced physical transport.

doi.org/10.1002/lol2...

#IndianOcean #carbon #co2
Figure 1: Air–sea CO2 flux map of climatological annual mean (a–c) and 2015 interannual anomaly (d–f) between data products and MOM6-COBALT. A positive flux denotes an outgassing from the ocean to atmosphere. In panel (a), AS, BoB, SEIO denote Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and southeastern Indian Ocean respectively. Sumatra, Java, SS, LS, and TS represent Sumatra island, Java island, Lombok Strait, Sunda Strait, and Timor Sea respectively. Arrows in panel (c and d) depict the ocean circulation of climatological annual mean and interannual anomaly for 2015, derived from MOM6-COBALT. Data products are from MPI SOM-FFN and OS-ETHZ-GRaCER. The interannual anomaly is averaged between August 2015 and July 2016.
October 13, 2025 at 9:58 AM
socatco2.bsky.social
Frauke Bunsen, Cara Nissen and Judith Hauck assess the impacts of climate change on the global ocean carbon sink

doi.org/10.1029/2023...

#ocean #carbon
Figure 3: (a) The mean air-sea CO₂ flux density and (b) trend in the CO₂ flux density 1958–2019 in the historical simulation (simulation A) (c–f) The effects of the rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration and climate change on the trend in the CO₂ flux density obtained as the difference between two simulations with and without interannual variability and trends in the respective variable(s): (c) Atmospheric CO₂ concentration, (d) full climate variability and trends, (e) winds and (f) global warming. Positive values denote a trend toward more oceanic outgassing or less oceanic uptake, respectively. Hatched areas in (b–f) indicate a low significance of the trend (p-value > 0.05 applying a two-sided Wald Test with t-distribution).
September 18, 2025 at 1:39 PM
socatco2.bsky.social
Annika Jersild and Peter Landschützer show how the sources of uncertainty and bias in a neural network based air-sea CO₂ reconstruction vary in different ocean regions.

doi.org/10.1029/2023...

#ocean #flux #uncertainty
Figure 4: Breakdown of uncertainty sources, compared seasonally. (a) July uncertainty sources (averaged 1990–2022) color indicating dominating source of uncertainty (k, pCO2, and wind). (b) Percentage each source contributes to total uncertainty, averaged latitudinally. (c, d) Same as (a, b) but for January.
September 16, 2025 at 2:06 PM
socatco2.bsky.social
C. Frangoulis et al.* present two years of high-frequency carbonate system observations from the eastern Mediterranean.

doi.org/10.3389/fmar...

#ocean #mediterranean #carbon

Stamataki, Pettas, Michelinakis, King, Giannoudi, Tsiaras, Christodoulaki, Seppälä, Thyssen, Borges, Krasakopoulou
Figure 1: Map of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea with location of Heraklion Coastal Buoy (HCB), E1-M3A buoy and FINOKALIA atmospheric station (bottom left inset). Color tracks (z axis) indicated difference between observed and estimated sea surface pCO₂ (Δobs-est), using Equation 8 with in-situ temperature and pCO₂ measurements (from SOCAT dataset). Top right inset shows frequency of observations vs Δobs-est. In-situ data excluded values above latitude 39.8°N and data from the present study.
September 11, 2025 at 7:30 AM
socatco2.bsky.social
Amanda Fay et al.* present new climatologies of mean ΔfCO and net sea–air CO flux for the global ocean.

doi.org/10.5194/essd...

#ocean #co2 #flux

*David Munro, Galen McKinley, Denis Pierrot, Stewart Sutherland, Colm Sweeney, Rik Wanninkhof
Figure 5: Annual mean CO₂ flux calculated from the SOCAT database. Flux is calculated using the SeaFlux method using the mean of three wind speed reanalysis products. Warm and cool colors indicate regions of carbon efflux and uptake, respectively. The near-global mean flux is −1.79 Pg C yr⁻¹.
September 8, 2025 at 12:21 PM
socatco2.bsky.social
Tobias Steinhoff and 40+ co-authors present the results from a two-week intercomparison of 27 pCO₂ instruments (16 models)

doi.org/10.1002/lom3...

#ocean #co2
Fig. 9: Statistical summary showing the mean pCO2 difference from the IC-Reference for each of the six measurement intervals defined in Fig. 4, ordered by instrument per group. The horizontal dashed lines divide the instruments' groups while the vertical gray dashed lines denote the 2, 5, and 10 μatm limits.
September 1, 2025 at 8:12 AM
socatco2.bsky.social
Yiming Guo and Mary-Louise Timmermans examine the role of mesoscale processes on global air-sea CO₂ fluxes.

doi.org/10.1029/2024...

#ocean #co2
Figure 2: Air-sea CO2 flux variance explained by the mesoscale. (a) CO2 flux variance associated with small scales (<nominal 2°); (b) Percentage of CO2 flux variance explained by small scales. Gray contours are mean sea surface height contours (CI = 20 cm) in the model.
August 18, 2025 at 3:33 PM
socatco2.bsky.social
Alizée Roobaert et al* discover the factors constraining the coastal air-sea CO₂ flux across the globe.

doi.org/10.1029/2023...

#ocean #co2 #flux #coast

Laure Resplandy, Goulven G. Laruelle, Enhui Liao, Pierre Regnier
Figure 7: (a) Division of the coastal ocean into five coastal systems that present different key controls on the coastal CO2 dynamics in the mixed layer depth (MLD). For each of these five categories is associated a sketch (b–f) that presents the main control on the annual average CO2 sources/sinks and the variability on the seasonal timescale (red stars) in the MLD. Flux into the MLD increases CResponse.
August 14, 2025 at 9:29 AM
socatco2.bsky.social
Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau et al.* present CMEMS-LSCE, a 0.25° monthly reconstruction of the surface ocean carbonate system.

doi.org/10.5194/essd...

#ocean #co2

*Marion Gehlen, Nicolas Metzl, Frédéric Chevallier
Figure 1: CMEMS-LSCE-FFNN pCO₂ over the global ocean at a spatial resolution of 0.25∘. Temporal means of the model best estimate and 1σ uncertainty per grid cell over 1985–2021.
August 11, 2025 at 11:36 AM
socatco2.bsky.social
Elizabeth Ellison, Ali Mashayek and Matthew Mazloff investigate how diapycnal mixing variability can affect air-sea CO₂ fluxes in the Southern Ocean.

doi.org/10.1029/2023...

#SouthernOcean #co2 #flux
Fig. 1: Diapycnal mixing in the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE). The distribution of diapycnal mixing in the Southern Ocean, constructed as the sum of contributions from tides and topographically generated lee waves. This mixing is shown averaged in depth over the top/bottom 2 km in panel A/B, and zonally over the Southern Ocean in (c). These maps are used in the spatially variable mixing map experiment (ExVar). For reference, a zonally averaged map of the storm-induced mixing, as parameterized through GGL90 parameterization in B-SOSE, is also shown in panel (d). The pink lines on (a) and (b) show the annual mean extent of sea ice. Note that the range of the color bar in panel (d) is different from the other panels.
July 25, 2025 at 9:01 AM
socatco2.bsky.social
Keith Rodgers and too many co-authors to mention present a synthesis of the seasonal variability of the global surface ocean carbon cycle.

doi.org/10.1029/2023...

#ocean #carbon
Fig 1: Central panel showing biomes used for this study (see Table 1 for details): North Atlantic subpolar seasonally stratified (NA-SPSS), North Pacific subpolar seasonally stratified (NP-SPSS), Northern Hemisphere subtropical seasonally stratified (NH-STSS), Northern Hemisphere subtropical permanently stratified (NH-STPS), Southern Hemisphere subtropical permanently stratified (SH-STPS), and Southern Hemisphere seasonally stratified, incorporating the subpolar and subtropical components (SH-SS). Surrounding panels show time series plots of biome-integrated sea-air CO2 fluxes (annual maximum and minimum values irrespective of the month of occurrence). pCO2 products (blue) and GOBMs (green) are shown for both the ensemble mean (bold) and for one standard deviation (shaded). Positive (negative) values indicate outgassing (ingassing) of CO2. The regions in white in the central panel are not included in this analysis, in each panel, winter is designated by W, and summer by S, in order to distinguish the seasonal phasing between the subtropical and subpolar/Southern Ocean biomes.
July 7, 2025 at 11:09 AM
socatco2.bsky.social
Siqi Zhang et al* use LIDAR-based estimates of chlorophyll-a to dive into the diurnal cycle of surface pCO₂ and air-sea CO₂ fluxes.

doi.org/10.1093/pnas...

Peng Chen, Yongxiang Hu, Zhenhua Zhang, Cédric Jamet, Xiaomei Lu, Davide Dionisi, Delu Pan
Fig. 3. The annual mean difference of day and night A) SST, B) ΔChla, and C) pCO₂, among ΔChla is shown as the normalized difference ratio. C) The map of global diurnal air–sea C-flux difference (day minus night) in mol m⁻² year⁻¹; D) comparison of the CO₂ flux showing the budget values of ocean at nighttime and at daytime in GtC year⁻¹.
July 2, 2025 at 8:29 AM
socatco2.bsky.social
SOCAT v2025 is released today! A grand total of 49.6 million surface ocean fCO2 observations from dozens of contributors around the world.

www.socat.info/v2025

#ocean #co2
Map showing the surface ocean CO₂ from ships, drifters and autonomous surface platforms and moorings for all data in SOCAT version 2025, coloured by fCO2 concentration (scale not shown).
June 5, 2025 at 9:29 AM
socatco2.bsky.social
Alison Gray provides an overview of the Southern Ocean carbon cycle

doi.org/10.1146/annu...

#SouthernOcean #carbon #co2
Fig. 4: Schematic of the primary processes impacting the flow of carbon through the Southern Ocean. The vertical section on the right depicts the two-dimensional carbon cycle that results from zonally and temporally averaging the four-dimensional variability.
June 3, 2025 at 2:03 PM
socatco2.bsky.social
Madeleine K. Youngs, Mara A. Freilich and Nicole S. Lovenduski model the influence that sea floor topography can have on air-sea CO₂ fluxes.

doi.org/10.1029/2023...

#ocean #co2 #flux
Figure 1: The model is a re-entrant channel forced with both a zonal wind and a relaxation to a meridional temperature gradient. Barotropic streamlines are shown with black contours on the top faces. Shading shows temporally-averaged (a) surface eddy kinetic energy, (b) surface carbon dioxide flux, and (c) dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration. In (c) the right edge shows temporally and zonally averaged DIC concentration with temperature (density) contoured in black. The model geometry is shown in (c). A 2000 m tall undersea Gaussian ridge is centered at x = 800 km.
May 19, 2025 at 8:21 AM
socatco2.bsky.social
Cathryn Ann Wynn-Edwards et al.* evaluate the accuracy of pCO₂ derived from floats in the Southern Ocean using comparisons to descrete samples and measurements from moorings.

doi.org/10.3389/fmar...

#ocean #co2 #autonomous

*E. H. Shadwick, P. Jansen, C. Schallenberg, T. L. Maurer, A. J. Sutton
Figure 4: Float track with overlaid difference in pCO2 (mooring observations within 2 days of float profiles minus float estimates in µatm, not distance corrected). Mooring locations are indicated by the blue star symbols, the start of the float track is indicated by a red diamond, the final profile included in this study is marked by a red star. Float profiles that met the temperature and potential density criteria are marked by superimposed grey hexagrams.
May 12, 2025 at 12:22 PM
socatco2.bsky.social
Jingrou Lin et al.* examine the effects of the Kuroshio current and typhoons on the sea surface pCO₂ in the Northeastern South China Sea.

doi.org/10.3390/rs16...

#ChinaSea #ocean #co2 #typhoon #Kuroshio

Qingyang Sun, Yupeng Liu, Haijun Ye, Danling Tang, Xiaohao Zhang, Yang Gao
Figure 5. Ekman pumping velocity (EPV) and SST before, during, and after the passage of the TC. Arrows indicate wind fields. The three colored lines (blue, yellow, and red) indicate the three defined regions (W1–W3), respectively. (a–c) indicate EPV one week before, during, and one week after the TC, respectively. (d–f) indicate the SST one week before, during, and one week after the TC, respectively.
April 28, 2025 at 9:28 AM
socatco2.bsky.social
Siqi Zhang et al.* produce 17-year climatological sea surface pCO₂ and air-sea CO₂ fluxes in the Bering Sea.

doi.org/10.3389/fmar...

#ocean #co2 #flux #BeringSea

Yan Bai, Xianqiang He, Zhiting Jiang, Teng Li, Fang Gong, Shujie Yu, Delu Pan
Figure 5 (A) Climatological monthly sea surface pCO2 in the Bering Sea during 2003-2019. (B) Climatological monthly mean sea ice concentrations (SICs) in the Bering Sea during 2003-2019.
April 24, 2025 at 9:46 AM
socatco2.bsky.social
Laurie C. Menviel et al.* explore the effects of shifting and strengthening winds on air-sea CO₂ fluxes in the Southern Ocean.

doi.org/10.5194/bg-2...

#SouthernOcean #co2 #wind

*Paul Spence, Andrew E. Kiss, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Hakase Hayashida, Matthew H. England Darryn Waugh
April 22, 2025 at 12:51 PM
socatco2.bsky.social
Sayaka Yasunaka et al.* combine observations and models to create an assessment of the Arctic Ocean CO₂ flux between 1985 and 2018.

doi.org/10.1029/2023...

#arctic #ocean #co2

*M Manizza, J Terhaar, A Olsen, R Yamaguchi, P Landschützer, E Watanabe, D Carroll, H Adiwira, J Daniel Müller, J Hauck
Figure 10: Trend over 1985−2018 for ensemble mean CO2 flux, pCO2w, and SIC from the pCO2 products, the ocean biogeochemical hindcast and data assimilation models, and the atmospheric inversions. Negative values indicate increasing CO2 flux into the ocean in panels (a) and (b).
April 10, 2025 at 2:48 PM
socatco2.bsky.social
Helen Michelle de Jesus Affe et al.* calculate the air-sea CO₂ fluxes along the Brazilian coastal margin.

doi.org/10.1590/2675...

#ocean #co2 #brazil

*Diogo Souza Bezerra Rocha, Fernanda Reinhardt Piedras,
Gleyci Aparecida Oliveira Moser, Moacyr Cunha de Araujo Filho, Leticia Cotrim da Cunha
Figure 1. Map of the Brazilian continental margin/Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone (Blue Amazon) region, considering the boundaries of the ecoregions (Spalding et al., 2007) with the overlap of the SOCAT collection points (black dots = 171,499 observations).
April 7, 2025 at 11:46 AM