i'll have more to say about this on substack as I obviously don't believe that working with industry to develop and evaluate products is bad. In my view, its so dependent on transparency and balance among different people...

Sometimes these surprises from empirical studies are bad and sometimes they are good, but there is only one way to know-adequate and well-controlled clinical studies.

"Unknown unknowns" in well-done medicine are resolved through empirical evidence from well-designed and conducted studies, something that was codified in U.S. law for drugs, biologics and devices, but not for dietary supplements or food.