The flapper skate is critically endangered and are top predators and their absence, like taking wolves from a forest, can lead to impacts cascading through the ecosystem. It is hard to imagine that a ...

In this study, we examined the structural and morphological stability of the 2D perovskite-phenylethylammonium lead iodide PEA(+)2PbI4 thin films in aqueous electrolytes of phenylethylammonium iodide....

When climate change poses a strategic threat, it needs a strategic response

Perovskite solar cells achieve high power conversion efficiencies but usually rely on vacuum-deposited metallic contacts, leading to high material costs for noble metals and stability issues for more reactive metals. Carbon-based materials offer a cost-effective and potentially more stable alternative. The vast majority of carbon-electrode PSCs use the negative-intrinsic-positive (n-i-p) or “hole-transport-layer-free” architectures. Here, we present a systematic study to assess the compatibility of “inverted”, p-i-n configuration PSC contact layers with carbon top electrodes. We identify incompatibilities between common electron transport layers and the carbon electrode deposition process and previously unobserved semiconducting properties in carbon electrodes with unique implications for charge extraction and electronic behavior. To overcome these issues, we introduce a double-layer atomic layer deposited tin oxide (SnO2) and Poly(2,3-dihydrothieno-1,4-dioxin)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), yielding up to 16.1% PCE and a retained 94% performance after 500 h of outdoor aging. The study is a crucial step forward for printable, metal-electrode-free, and evaporation-free perovskite PV technologies.