In short: how media portray refugees does change behaviour towards them, but different groups respond to different media messages.

We further show that these effects are moderated by participants' ethnocentrism and ideology: humanitarian messaging has no effect on those with high levels of ethnocentrism, while security treatment lowers the probability of a donation among right-wingers.

We used charity donation to measure the actual (rather than declared or intended) behaviour. An exposure to a humanitarian media frame significantly increases probability of making a donation, while security and economic (welfare) frames do not have an expected negative effect.

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