Finally, we extend the spatial and temporal analyses by Patz and Althor. Our analysis identifies China as a growing contributor to CO2 emissions, though not when population size is accounted for. We further identify EU countries that have been reducing CO2 emissions in recent years.

But our analysis also extends Patz and Althor’s work. First, we link vulnerability with readiness. Global North countries have higher levels of readiness alongside low vulnerability. In contrast, Global South countries have low levels of readiness alongside high vulnerability.

The findings echo previous work by Patz el al (2007) and Althor et al (2016), showing how Global North countries disproportionately contribute to CO2 emissions and climate change while Global South countries are most vulnerable to climate-related health risks.

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