はじめに ヒトのタイプ標本問題とは リンネ説 1758年〜1959年 1959年〜現在 他説の検討 非存在説 コープ説 まとめ 引用文献 はじめに 本記事は「ヒトのタイプ標本問題1」について、少なくとも私が理解している事柄を整理することを目的として書かれている。必ずしもすべての論点を網羅できているわけではないことに注意してほしい。 また、本記事の内容はEarle E. Spamerの議論（Spamer, 1999）に依拠するところが大きいが、国際動物命名規約については第3版ではなく第4版を参照している2。つまり、本記事で「条」「勧告」と書かれている場合、それは『国際動物命名規約第4版日本語版』…

正解は、「目の和名がそのままタイプ種の和名になる」でした。 タイプ種(=模式種)とは、目や科といった分類階級に指定される代表種のことで、基本的には最初に記載された種が選ばれます。リンネ等ヨーロッパの学者が記載したものが多く、日本における代表種とは多くの場合異なります。

Background The evolutionary relationships within Stomiiformes, a diverse order of deep-sea fishes dominating the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones, remain contentious due to conflicting morphological and molecular evidence. These fishes, comprising 464 species across four traditionally recognized families (Gonostomatidae, Sternoptychidae, Phosichthyidae, and Stomiidae), exhibit remarkable adaptations such as bioluminescence, ultra-black pigmentation, and extreme jaw morphologies. Their global abundance and ecological significance, including contributions to the biological carbon pump, underscores the need to resolve their phylogeny amid escalating threats from climate change and human activities. Results We conducted the most comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Stomiiformes to date, integrating 936 nuclear loci from 60 species and an expanded dataset of 135 species with mitochondrial sequences from publicly available repositories such as the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) database. We used maximum likelihood and coalescent-based approaches to assess family monophyly and relationships, including extensive quality control to address contamination in public databases. Our analyses reveal unstable tree topologies and complex evolutionary histories that challenge traditional classifications, while our quality control analyses identified 29% of BOLD sequences as misidentified or contaminated, emphasizing rigorous curation for deep-sea taxa. Congruent with a recent taxonomic treatment of Stomiiformes, the families Phosichthyidae and Gonostomatidae exhibit polyphyly and paraphyly, respectively, while subfamilies within Stomiidae are extensively non-monophyletic, leading us to recommend their abandonment. We propose the recognition of eight monophyletic families: Vinciguerriidae, Diplophidae, Gonostomatidae, Yarrellidae, Ichthyococcidae, Phosichthyidae, Sternoptychidae, and Stomiidae, supported by robust molecular and morphological evidence. Conclusions This revised classification reflects the morphological and ecological diversity of Stomiiformes, aligning with their evolutionary diversification in the deep sea. Our phylogenomic framework resolves longstanding systematic uncertainties and highlights the power of genome-wide data in tackling taxonomically challenging clades. These findings provide a foundation for understanding deep-sea fish diversification and assessing the potential ecological drivers for their evolutionary diversity.

コメントします。本記事では、Near & Thacker (2024)がフグの仲間をAcanthuriformesに含めている理由はPhyloCodeを（完全ではないにしろ）採用したことにある、というような書き方がされています。当該論文でもたしかにそう主張されているのですが、私の見解はこれと少し異なります。

We combined new sequence data for more than 300 muroid rodent species with our previously published sequences for up to five nuclear and one mitochondrial genes to generate the most widely and densely sampled hypothesis of evolutionary relationships across Muroidea. An exhaustive screening procedure for publically available sequences was implemented to avoid the propagation of taxonomic errors that are common to supermatrix studies. The combined data set of carefully screened sequences derived from all available sequences on GenBank with our new data resulted in a robust maximum likelihood phylogeny for 900 of the approximately 1,620 muroids. Several regions that were equivocally resolved in previous studies are now more decisively resolved, and we estimated a chronogram using 28 fossil calibrations for the most integrated age and topological estimates to date. The results were used to update muroid classification and highlight questions needing additional data. We also compared the results of multigene supermatrix studies like this one with the principal published supertrees and concluded that the latter are unreliable for any comparative study in muroids. In addition, we explored diversification patterns as an explanation for why muroid rodents represent one of the most species-rich groups of mammals by detecting evidence for increasing net diversification rates through time across the muroid tree. We suggest the observation of increasing rates may be due to a combination of parallel increases in rate across clades and high average extinction rates. Five increased diversification-rate-shifts were inferred, suggesting that multiple, but perhaps not independent, events have led to the remarkable species diversity in the superfamily. Our results provide a phylogenetic framework for comparative studies that is not highly dependent upon the signal from any one gene.

MD7巻発刊に伴い、6巻の電子版無料公開を解禁しました。当会HP（URLはここのプロフ欄）の Molluscan Diversity＞6巻1号・2号＞各記事表題＞要旨表題を順にクリックするとダウンロード画面が現れます。ここ数年で引用頻度が非常に高いPonder体系の和名対応表（2号に掲載）も全体を閲覧いただけます。

Crab Memes Amplify Mistaken Ideas about Evolution https://t.co/RgFYCmALZB

『日本語でひく動物学名辞典』ではないけれど、著者が同じである平嶋義宏『学名論——学名の研究とその作り方』の137ページから引用。 > 属名はかなり素早い虫，の意で，（ギ）̄okys速い，素早い＋縮小辞 -idium．語頭のBは発音をなめらかにするために加えたもので，別に意味はない（推定）．

天海春香 (CV: 中村繪里子), 如月千早 (CV: 今井麻美), 三浦あずさ (CV.たかはし智秋), 秋月律子 (CV: 若林直美) · THE IDOLM@STER 765PRO ALLSTARS+ GRE@TEST BEST! -LOVE&PEACE!- · 曲 · 2013

後生動物Metazoaの系統を、可能な限り最新の知見に基づき紹介しています

食肉目をネコ目と呼ぶのは、このグループ全体の特徴を表していないのでよくない。私にとって悩ましいのは、「霊長目」。これはリンネがつけた学名Primatesの直訳だが、人間のうぬぼれの象徴。ということで、講談社の「動く図鑑・動物」ではサル目が採用されている。私もこの方向には賛成だが、もっとよ

@7110_edodes なんかもう、最近はそっちの方が主流らしいです。

ん………………？ ≪プラナリア科≫……………？？？