Using these maps, we placed 2 stimulating electrode arrays in each participants. During subsequent stimulation, 9 out of 10 arrays evoked sensations in fingers that had been mapped to their location before surgery.

We used fMRI and MEG to map finger representation of somatosensory cortex in paralyzed participants. The order of the map was consistent across participants, but the exact location on the gyrus was variable.

Our new publication in Human Brain Mapping is a roadmap to implanting stimulation electrodes to evoke tactile sensations on the fingers of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) users. We share the plan and results for 5 study participants across a decade at 2 sites.

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/...

Finally, we found that the M1 activity evoked by ICMS-based tactile feedback about object interactions disrupts the decoding of arm movements, leading to impoverished control. However, conveying tactile feedback using a biomimetic approach rescued the decoding. 8/9

Some channels, particularly those showing a direct connection between S1 and M1, responded similarly across tasks (top row). Others responded differently across tasks (bottom two). 7/9

Patterns of activation when (1) a participant attempted to move a digit or (2) ICMS was delivered through S1 channels with projected fields on that same digit were similar. In other words, sensory feedback from a given digit preferentially informs motor control of that digit. 5/9

Some of the excitatory responses exhibited short-latency (<6ms) pulse-locking, implying a direct connection between S1 and M1; others motor channels were activated by ICMS but did not show this pulse locking. 4/9

When participants passively received ICMS in S1, some motor channels were activated and some were inhibited.  3/9