...including randomized controlled trials, difference-in-differences, and synthetic control methods, and discusses their strengths and limitations. The chapter concludes by addressing key challenges, such as model dependence and external validity.

This chapter explores how counterfactual thinking and quasi-experimental methods have transformed applied microeconomics, macroeconomics, economic history, and the broader social sciences. It examines the toolkit of modern causal inference...

ABSTRACT:

Empirical economics has been transformed by the “credibility revolution”, which centers on the principle that credible causal claims require well-designed strategies for constructing valid counterfactuals...

📍 Reference Module in Social Science (Elsevier); forthcoming in the Encyclopedia of Measurement in Social Sciences, 2nd edition (Oct 2026)

🗓️ Date of publication: 19 November 2025

🔗 DOI: doi.org/10.1016/B978...

📘 Title: Debt, Dictatorship, and Decline: The Enduring Economic Impact of the Philippines' 1980s Crisis
👨🏼‍🏫 Authors: JC Punongbayan (UPSE) & Emmanuel S. de Dios (UPSE)
📍 Journal: Review of Development Economics
🗓️ Date of publication: 4 October 2025
🔗 Read here: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1...

💡 We quantify the lasting economic scars from the Marcos-era debt crisis of the early 1980s—showing how authoritarian mismanagement set the Philippines' growth path back for decades. A fresh contribution to understanding the long shadow of the Marcos dictatorship on our economy.

🧾 Bottom line: The “boom & bust” of Marcos’s rule shows how dictatorship traded lasting development for power & rents—leaving deep scars on the PH economy.

🧠 Highlights:
– Growth built on debt & short-term gains
– No shift to sustainable dev’t path
– Cronyism, rent-seeking, bad trade policy
– Debt crisis + collapse in the 1980s

🔍 Marcos’s martial law years (1972–86) saw early growth fueled by borrowing & favorable global winds—but these same choices sowed the seeds of collapse by 1984–86.

📍 Book: The Marcos Years: The Age of Crisis and Repression, edited by Ferdinand C. Llanes
🗓️ Date of publication: February 2023
🔗 econstor.eu/bitstream/10... (working paper version)

🧾 Bottom line:
Far from a “golden age,” the Duterte and early Marcos Jr. years illustrate how complacency, disinformation, and misplaced priorities can derail economic momentum and deepen structural weaknesses in the Philippine economy.

– Duterte stayed popular despite econ troubles—disinfo & personality politics at work.
– Marcos Jr.’s first year = weak governance: inflation, agri fiascos, Maharlika risks.
– Long-term threats: education crisis, social protection gaps, energy shortages, fiscal strains.

🧠 Highlights:
– TRAIN, CREATE & “Build, Build, Build” fell short.
– 2018 inflation + pandemic recession exposed weak econ management.
– Poverty drop in 2018 owed more to earlier growth & 4Ps than Duterte’s policies.

📍 Book: Games, Changes, and Fears: The Philippines from Duterte to Marcos Jr. (edited by Aries Arugay and Jean Encinas-Franco, published by ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute)

🗓️ Date of publication: April 2024

🔗 bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/...

🧠 Key finding #3:
High electricity prices also deter foreign investors + hurt expansion of local firms.

💡 Policy insight:
If PH wants to revive manufacturing, we need cheaper & more reliable electricity.

🧠 Key finding #1:
High power prices → industry peaks earlier at lower income levels → declines faster afterward.

🧠 Key finding #2:
🇮🇩 Indonesia (low power costs) → metals & chemicals boomed.
🇵🇭 Philippines (high costs) → shifted to less power-intensive, labor-intensive subsectors.

🔍 Why did PH deindustrialize so early?
Our study shows high electricity prices played a big role. ⚡️

Using data from 33 countries (1980–2014) + PH regions (1990–2014), we find that costly power discouraged investment in power-intensive industries.

📍 Journal: Journal of Asian Economics, Vol. 61
🗓️ Date of publication: 16 April 2019
🔗 Read here: doi.org/10.1016/j.as...