For India, it poses procurement questions; for Europe, it brings home a debate about the advanced capabilities that China is able and willing to provide for—and co-develop with—its partners, including Russia.

ecfr.eu/article/esca...

As the first fatal combat interaction of modern Chinese and European fighter jets, this event demonstrated Chinese technological advances in radar and missile capabilities.

(4) China. A Chinese-made J-10C aircraft operated by Pakistan, equipped with PL-15 long-range air-to-air missiles, conducted its first-known air-to-air kill in live combat by shooting down a France-produced Indian Rafale.

www.reuters.com/world/pakist...

But clearer positioning will be necessary as the crisis further escalates. Put bluntly European nations will likely prioritise burgeoning relationship with India over concerns about worsening ties with Pakistan.

3. Europe so far has played it safe calling for moderation from "both sides". But beyond the US, most of the actual diplomacy is being done by Middle Eastern powers, not the west. But....

www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/gymnich...

2. The military challenge in managing escalation relates to (Turkish) drones, which are out of the ordinary for Indo-Pak clashes. It's hard to know what counts as escalation, and both sides want to avoid precendents.

www.ndtv.com/world-news/o...

"In the long run, Mr. Trump’s actions raise the possibility of the United States ceding its dominant position in Asia-Pacific security. Why, after all, would an increasingly inward-looking America defend a region where it has a reduced economic stake?"