DunedinPACNI tended to explain a bit more variance in clinical outcomes. Notably, this variance did not overlap with brain age gap very much and DunedinPACNI and brain age gap were not very correlated.

DunedinPACNI’s association with cognitive impairment in BrainLat was similar to that in ADNI, an initial indication of good generalization among people from Latin America.

In UK Biobank, faster DunedinPACNI scores were related to frailty, number of chronic illnesses, risk of new chronic illness, and risk of death from any cause. Thus, DunedinPACNI appears to index aging across the entire body

Furthermore, faster DunedinPACNI scores at baseline predicted more rapid hippocampal atrophy in the future.

In ADNI and UK Biobank, faster DunedinPACNI scores were correlated with worse cognition, cognitive impairment, and risk of cognitive decline

Using Dunedin Study data, we trained an algorithm to estimate the Pace of Aging from brain structure. We call this measure “DunedinPACNI” – Pace of Aging Calculated from NeuroImaging

Then we applied this algorithm to external data to test its association with clinical outcomes.

We averaged the decline in each of these biomarkers to get a summary score of whole-body aging called “Pace of Aging”