Many thanks to my co-authors!! @suryagayet.bsky.social @jthee.bsky.social @arora-borealis.bsky.social @Stefan Van der Stigchel @Samson Chota

In conclusion, we show that the dynamic interplay between top-down control and bottom-up saliency directly impacts early visual responses, thereby illuminating a complete timeline of attentional competition in visual cortex.

Last, the greater the RIFT responses to the target compared to the distractor, the faster the participant responded to the target, demonstrating that the RIFT responses capture behaviorally relevant processes.

2) The presence of a distractor attenuated the initial RIFT response to the target, reflecting competition during the initial stages of visual processing

For conditional comparisons of the RIFT responses, we found that 1)Both target and distractor evoked stronger initial RIFT responses than nontargets, reflecting top-down and bottom-up attentional effects on early visual processing. And RIFT responses to the distractor eventually be suppressed.

For tagging manipulation, we tagged target and distractor in distractor present condition, tagged target and one of the nontarget in distractor absent condition. And frequency-tagging manipulation successfully elicited corresponding frequency-specific neural responses

We found that the salient distractor captured attention on behavioral level

In this study, to determine how top-down and bottom-up processes unfold over time in early visual cortex, we employed Rapid Invisible Frequency Tagging (RIFT) while participants performed the additional singleton task.

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