Finally, we used Neuropixel recordings to corroborate these results in simultaneously recorded neurons which have opposite orientations in the cerebellum, also corroborating the effect in behaving condition 11/13

While neurons pointing away from the electrode decrease⬇️their activity for anodal stimulation and increase⬆️for cathodal (lower half). This phenomenon could be explained by the polarization of the neuron and changes in membrane resting potential (more in the paper) 10/13

Matching the orientation of the neurons with their modulation under tDCS, we discovered that their orientation was a key factor determining tDCS effects, with neurons pointing toward the electrode increasing⬆️their activity for anodal stimulation and decreasing⬇️for cathodal (upper half) 9/13

To solve this puzzle, we performed juxtacellular labelling of the recorded neurons in anesthetized mice, obtaining these awesome images: 8/13

But, at the same time other neurons were modulated in just the opposite way, with anodal decreasing⬇️but cathodal increasing⬆️their activity 6/13

To address this, we applied tDCS and record the activity of individual neurons in behaving mice🐭. As expected, we observed neurons increasing⬆️their activity under➕electrical currents (anodal tDCS, red) and decreasing during➖currents (cathodal tDCS, blue) 5/13