Another interesting finding is observed with deep WGS of samples from two donors. Virtually all "clonal" variants that existed in the early time point also appeared in the later time point, remarkably with very similar frequencies. This suggests stability of germline mosaicism in males.

This is the key figure. Each line connects the number of de novo (single nucleotide) variants in a single donor between the two time points.
The slopes are shown on the right. The de novo variant count increases *for all donors*, at a rate around 0.5e-9 per year per bp, or 1.5 variants genome-wide.

It is known that each additional year of paternal age is associated with ~1-2 additional de novo mutations.
However, this is an association based on samples from different people.

Here, the authors used high-fidelity duplex sequencing to estimate the mutation rate trajectory **within individuals**.

The findings reveal that PRM2 is necessary for maintaining specific histone post-translational modifications, such as #acetylation, essential for proper #spermatogenesis and particularly for proper chromatin #remodelling.

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In this study, using a Prm2-deficient mouse model and human sperm samples, the authors observed alterations in #methylation and #acetylation profiles of histones H3 and H4.

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