the threat of deportation creates an underclass that can't access the justice system or public services. these people are then exploited. that's the entire point. ICE and DHS (and their European counterparts, etc) are not "failing to address" this, they exists *to* create this underclass!

"...as households' perceived probability of attaining homeownership falls, they systematically shift their behavior: they consume more relative to their wealth, reduce work effort, and take on riskier investments."

This new paper seems very pertinent
papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers....