Robustness: Sanctions ≠ driver. No systematic link with inequality around reforms; cash correlates with reductions. Results hold with sanction controls.

Long-run inequality: Expenditure Gini, 1984–2019, with reform timings marked. Post-reform drops align with cash waves.
Distributional anatomy: Decile shares over time, shown relative to Decile 8 (reform-neutral benchmark). Bottom deciles gain post-reform.

Policy lineage: “Oil-to-Cash” (Moss–Lambert–Majerowicz, 2015) argues for redirecting resource rents to citizens via direct transfers.
#CashTransfers @cgdev.org @worldbanknotes.bsky.social
@unep.org

Global context: Fossil-fuel subsidies are huge and concentrated in resource-rich economies; Iran ≈ $127B (latest year data). @iea.org

Mechanism: Household balance sheet microdata show a net cash surplus among poorer households—transfers more than offset higher energy costs. (Figures below)