What impacted their likelihood of ever considering the career?
- nature of the job
- #physical/force elements of the job
- perceptions of #procedural justice
- personal characteristics

For agencies, this highlights the importance of transparency about the realities of policing in #recruitment

#TLDR:
Attractive elements:
- opportunity to #help others
- #benefits
- job #security
- pay/salary
- early retirement

Unattractive elements:
- having to use physical #force
- difficult #work-life balance
- physical requirements of the job
- public scrutiny
- carrying a #firearm

Perceptions of procedural justice temper both fear of police and avoidance of police, suggesting a possible avenue to remedy this problem.

Our study challenges the legal assumptions about avoidance of police; rather, avoidance may be an automatic defensive reaction resulting from a fear of police.

And, this fear of police holds serious implications for the underreporting of crime and, more broadly, social control in communities.

However, these racial differences in avoidance (voluntary AND involuntary) are a function of prior mistreatment and fearing police.

In short, Black Americans engage in more avoidance of voluntary and involuntary contact with the police because they tend to be more afraid of the police.

Along with Justin Pickett and Frank Cullen, we find that Black Americans report avoiding voluntary AND involuntary contact with the police more than White Americans

Redemption was a dynamic factor associated with signaling reformation by completing #rehabilitation, receiving a positive recommendation from the warden, and receiving support from the victim/their family.

Universal Second Look for sentencing may be a viable strategy to reduce mass incarceration

Building on prior work about the Second Look Act (doi.org/10.1111/1745...), we examine whether there is support for a universal second look.

We find the majority of Americans support a universal policy, with only 1 in 5 opposing it.

@sentencingproject.bsky.social

Also, this is available for FREE download for the next two weeks here: www.cambridge.org/core/element...

More broadly, this endeavor provides a template for engaging in Criminometrics--psychometrics in the context of criminology and criminal justice

As a field, we can do better, and we should do better.

"As such, we now open the gates for criminologists to engage in criminometrics"

Compared to other scales used to measure procedural justice, the Graham et al. scale performs better.

But, to be clear, we are not arguing that this is "the" scale to be used. There may be better scales. And, they should be constructed. Still, this scale can serve as a benchmark to measure against

We present the Graham et al. (2025) scale for procedural justice (to be used in the context of policing as a global measure of perceived procedural justice)

How varied is the measure of procedural justice? Let me count the ways:

In 176 manuscripts, 769 unique items were used to measure procedural justice

Using a series of surveys, theory, classical test theory, and item response theory methods, we narrow this to a 10-item measure

Our #Element describes the heterogeneity of measurement accepted in our field, which obscures and limits our accumulation of evidence about crime and #criminology

But a critique without action is a complaint

We provide a case study in how we might address this crisis using #ProceduralJustice

And a huge thank you to Police Practice and Research and Editor-in-chief @drlaurahuey.bsky.social for making this #openaccess!

doi.org/10.1080/1561...

#Academicsky #policing #police #K9 #criminology #crimsky

#Criminology and #policing scholars, we need more research in this area to reduce #K9 #deaths

Do handler characteristics or training play a role?

Do department policies prevent these deaths?

Is it something about an agency?

Much more original data collection needed

Regression analysis finds increased odds of heatstroke deaths (relative to other causes) in #summer months.

Age, Breed, Climate region were not significant.

#K9Officers, have you reviewed your #K9 #policies and #procedures to prevent these kinds of deaths in summer 2025?

Now is the time!

Of these #K9 #heatstroke deaths, 70.6% of circumstances were either being left unattended (often in a vehicle) or mechanical failures within a vehicle (e.g., sensors, a/c units, alarms).

These findings suggest that at least some may deaths may be preventable

What factors are associated?

Leading causes of these #K9 deaths were #gunfire #heatstroke and being #struck by a vehicle.

Moore et al (2001) argue that heatstroke (in military dogs) is a "potentially preventable" death.

In #police #K9s, are these preventable?