However, these racial differences in avoidance (voluntary AND involuntary) are a function of prior mistreatment and fearing police.

In short, Black Americans engage in more avoidance of voluntary and involuntary contact with the police because they tend to be more afraid of the police.

Along with Justin Pickett and Frank Cullen, we find that Black Americans report avoiding voluntary AND involuntary contact with the police more than White Americans

We present the Graham et al. (2025) scale for procedural justice (to be used in the context of policing as a global measure of perceived procedural justice)

Regression analysis finds increased odds of heatstroke deaths (relative to other causes) in #summer months.

Age, Breed, Climate region were not significant.

#K9Officers, have you reviewed your #K9 #policies and #procedures to prevent these kinds of deaths in summer 2025?

Now is the time!

Of these #K9 #heatstroke deaths, 70.6% of circumstances were either being left unattended (often in a vehicle) or mechanical failures within a vehicle (e.g., sensors, a/c units, alarms).

These findings suggest that at least some may deaths may be preventable

What factors are associated?

Leading causes of these #K9 deaths were #gunfire #heatstroke and being #struck by a vehicle.

Moore et al (2001) argue that heatstroke (in military dogs) is a "potentially preventable" death.

In #police #K9s, are these preventable?

In our Rapid Communication, we use line-of-duty deaths reported to #ODMP to explore #K9 officer deaths between 2000-2023, focusing on the possibly preventable cause of #heatstroke

Overall deaths peaked in 2017, with heatstroke following a similar pattern

These warrior/guardian perceptions also influence perceptions of outcome fairness.

Therefore, even if officers shift their mentality, they will likely face an uphill battle to be viewed as guardians, especially when formal outcomes are sometimes necessary.

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Let's start off strong by paying the cat tax