Giulio Ruffini
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ruffini.bsky.social
Giulio Ruffini
@ruffini.bsky.social
Physicist working on computational neuroscience, brain stimulation and foundational aspects of (meta)physics, swimming and music during spare CPU cycles. Neuroelectrics.com, Starlab.es
New preprint 🪢: Neural Encoding through Hierarchical Amplitude Modulation (HAM). Slower rhythms multiplicatively modulate the amplitude of faster ones, so information can live in signals, their envelopes, and envelopes‑of‑envelopes. 1/5
November 5, 2025 at 5:00 PM
News🥁! Preprint on an AIT version of the Good Regulator Theorem. World (W) and Regulator (R) are Turing machines interacting via "interface" tapes. Regulation =: compression of W output (e.g., x = temperature series of a room). #Cybernetics #AlT #ActiveInference arxiv.org/abs/2510.10300 1/9
October 15, 2025 at 1:02 PM
My slides from The Science of Consciousness (Barcelona 2025) Plenary talk this week! "From Kolmogorov Theory to Computational Modeling and Brain Stimulation". #consciousness #neuromodulation
July 11, 2025 at 10:24 PM
Here's our poster – "Algorithmic Structure and Lie Groups" – at ICMNS 2025 (Barcelona): www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/qbn55...

It is a summary of our recent paper, Structured Dynamics in the Algorithmic Agent (www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/27...).
July 11, 2025 at 9:55 PM
Reposted by Giulio Ruffini
🔬🧠 Can optimized stimulation protocols offer better outcomes for major #depression? This randomized trial, featuring our @ruffini.bsky.social and Ricardo Salvador, & our friend Mohammad Ali Salehinejad, used our Starstim (www.neuroelectrics.com/products/res...) to deliver multichannel tDCS.
June 19, 2025 at 7:57 AM
Reposted by Giulio Ruffini
How can brain stimulation uncover patterns of cognitive decline in #AlzheimersDisease? 🔍 This study, featuring our CTO @ruffini.bsky.social used our Starstim (www.neuroelectrics.com/products/res...) to explore how 40 Hz tACS-EEG gamma activity relates to cognitive severity & inflammation.
April 29, 2025 at 7:50 AM
🧵 Thread: 1. The Laminar Neural Mass Model (LaNMM) — A Unified Framework for Oscillatory Dynamics in Health and Disease (news!)

The Laminar Neural Mass Model (LaNMM) links circuit-level mechanisms to M/EEG biomarkers across brain states — from healthy function to disease and altered consciousness.
April 10, 2025 at 11:17 AM
Blog! Post on our recent paper on symmetry, dynamics and neural networks (wet or dry) for the Entropy Special issue on “The Mathematics of Structured Experience: Exploring Dynamics, Topology, and Complexity in the Brain," still welcoming contributions! =>
www.neuroelectrics.com/blog/bridgin...
Bridging Dynamics, Symmetry, and Consciousness in Brain Modeling
Discover how brain dynamics and symmetry shape cognition, neural networks, and structured experience through mathematical modeling and information compression.
www.neuroelectrics.com
February 13, 2025 at 10:35 AM
I am happy to announce that an updated/improved version of "Structured dynamics in the algorithmic agent" has been released! www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...

We bridge perspectives from AIT (Kolmogorov C., compression), symmetry (group theory), and dynamics (conservation laws, reduced manifolds).
Structured dynamics in the algorithmic agent
In the Kolmogorov Theory of Consciousness, algorithmic agents utilize inferred compressive models to track coarse-grained data produced by simplified world models, capturing regularities that structur...
www.biorxiv.org
January 13, 2025 at 2:10 PM
LLMs aren’t just statistical 🦜s. Learning the probability of the next letter based on the prior 100 brute-force would involve ~28¹⁰⁰ possibilities. This is cosmically impossible: ~28¹⁰⁰ is more than the atoms in the universe! 🌌 Instead, LLMs learn patterns—compressing vast amounts of information...
Information, complexity, brains and reality (Kolmogorov Manifesto)
I discuss several aspects of information theory and its relationship to physics and neuroscience. The unifying thread of this somewhat chaotic essay is the concept of Kolmogorov or algorithmic complex...
arxiv.org
December 23, 2024 at 8:45 AM
🧵 Exciting research! Can serotonergic psychedelics help restore brain oscillatory dynamics disrupted in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)? A personalized laminar whole-brain model sheds light. #Neurodegeneration #Psychedelics biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
@neurotwin
@Neuroelectrics
biorxiv.org
December 23, 2024 at 8:40 AM
Reposted by Giulio Ruffini
roombas are my go to example to test theories of AI minds. they have beliefs (well, maps), desires (well, goals), plans (well, schedules), embodiment, and more. what else could you ask for?
November 23, 2024 at 7:03 PM
Reposted by Giulio Ruffini
Two starter packs for Consciousness Science!

(A) go.bsky.app/CgkfpXZ

(B) go.bsky.app/T8z9NP4
November 12, 2024 at 11:04 PM
Our KT-MDD paper is out! 🎉
“The Algorithmic Agent Perspective and Computational Neuropsychiatry: From Etiology to Advanced Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder”
📖 Published in the Special Entropy issue honoring Karl Friston’s 65th birthday. Read it here. mdpi.com/1099-4300/26... 1/n
The Algorithmic Agent Perspective and Computational Neuropsychiatry: From Etiology to Advanced Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a complex, heterogeneous condition affecting millions worldwide. Computational neuropsychiatry offers potential breakthroughs through the mechanistic modeling of thi...
mdpi.com
November 15, 2024 at 6:52 AM
Reposted by Giulio Ruffini
A great paper on understanding Pure Awareness and MPE by Edmundo Lopez-Sola, @ruffini.bsky.social et al. osf.io/preprints/ps...
October 24, 2024 at 2:56 AM
New preprint for the KT framework released! After Neural Geometrodynamics (www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...) comes Structured Dynamics in the Algorithmic Agent.
sciencecast.org/casts/jq63ve...
December 16, 2023 at 2:59 PM