Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 09 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01223-8Unpicking variation in response to exercise

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 05 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01218-5Growing evidence has linked ultra-processed food consumption to chronic disease risk. In 2025, this field reached a turning point, with experimental, clinical and epidemiological studies converging to elucidate the underlying mechanisms at play.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 05 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01218-5Growing evidence has linked ultra-processed food consumption to chronic disease risk. In 2025, this field reached a turning point, with experimental, clinical and epidemiological studies converging to elucidate the underlying mechanisms at play.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 02 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01216-7Epigenetic effects of maternal type 1 diabetes mellitus

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 02 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01208-7Oestrogen levels change after menopause and with weight gain above the normal BMI category, both of which can affect breast cancer risk and outcomes. This Review explores the current understanding of these associations.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 01 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01215-8Physiological changes in female individuals during the menopause transition influence cardiometabolic health and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) incidence. T2DM prevention programmes during midlife among individuals who are at high risk are cost effective but, we suggest, could be enhanced by consideration of the menopause transition and other sex-specific differences in T2DM prevention strategies.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 01 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01207-8In addition to having health benefits for those who perform it, exercise might alter parental physiology in ways that support metabolic function in offspring. In this Review, the authors discuss animal studies and data from human study participants that show how exercise affects the placenta, breast milk and sperm in ways that improve offspring health.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 02 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01216-7Epigenetic effects of maternal type 1 diabetes mellitus

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 02 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01208-7Oestrogen levels change after menopause and with weight gain above the normal BMI category, both of which can affect breast cancer risk and outcomes. This Review explores the current understanding of these associations.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 01 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01215-8Physiological changes in female individuals during the menopause transition influence cardiometabolic health and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) incidence. T2DM prevention programmes during midlife among individuals who are at high risk are cost effective but, we suggest, could be enhanced by consideration of the menopause transition and other sex-specific differences in T2DM prevention strategies.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 01 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01214-9Whole-exome sequencing and single-cell technologies are providing unprecedented insights into adenomyosis, uncovering a complex phylogenetic relationship between eutopic and ectopic endometria and identifying prolactin signalling as a possible pathogenic factor. However, these advances contrast with the failure of a clinical trial for a DRD2 agonist, which underscores the formidable translational challenges.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 01 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01207-8In addition to having health benefits for those who perform it, exercise might alter parental physiology in ways that support metabolic function in offspring. In this Review, the authors discuss animal studies and data from human study participants that show how exercise affects the placenta, breast milk and sperm in ways that improve offspring health.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 27 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01200-1Hypophysitis is a rare disease characterized by inflammation of the pituitary gland that can cause hypopituitarism-related symptoms, headaches and visual disturbances. This Review discusses the current understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and clinical management of hypophysitis.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 27 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01200-1Hypophysitis is a rare disease characterized by inflammation of the pituitary gland that can cause hypopituitarism-related symptoms, headaches and visual disturbances. This Review discusses the current understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and clinical management of hypophysitis.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 25 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01206-9Healthy fetal and placental development depends upon the availability of appropriate nutrients and levels of oxygen, as well as optimal metabolism. In this Review, the authors discuss how metabolism affects feto–placental development by controlling several key mechanisms, including epigenetic changes and post-translational modification of key proteins.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 25 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01206-9Healthy fetal and placental development depends upon the availability of appropriate nutrients and levels of oxygen, as well as optimal metabolism. In this Review, the authors discuss how metabolism affects feto–placental development by controlling several key mechanisms, including epigenetic changes and post-translational modification of key proteins.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 18 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01213-wPrader–Willi syndrome corrected in human hypothalamic organoids

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 17 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01203-yThere is a substantial link between thyroid disease, particularly hypothyroidism, and renal dysfunction, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). This Review explores the epidemiology and the molecular mechanisms of the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and CKD, and discusses therapeutic options.

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 18 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01213-wPrader–Willi syndrome corrected in human hypothalamic organoids

Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Published online: 17 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01203-yThere is a substantial link between thyroid disease, particularly hypothyroidism, and renal dysfunction, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). This Review explores the epidemiology and the molecular mechanisms of the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and CKD, and discusses therapeutic options.