Recent climatic developments "mark the beginning of a grim new chapter for life on Earth," but it's not too late for radical action.

“It seems hard to accept any explanation that doesn’t somehow incriminate most of the people involved” – Sholto David

Background and ObjectivesCognitive disability—defined by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) as serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition—has become the most ...

The country hasn't been able to curb an outbreak of more than 5,000 cases over the last year, while US cases are at a 33-year high.

Asian Rhinolophus bats are considered the natural reservoirs of an ancestral SARS-CoV-2. However, the biology of SARS-CoV-2-related viruses in bat cells is not well understood. Here, we investigated the replication of BANAL-236, the only bat-derived SARS-CoV-2 relative isolated to date, in Rhinolophus cells. BANAL-236 did not replicate in wild-type Rhinolophus cell lines. Entry assays using pseudoviruses expressing the spike proteins (S) of SARS-CoV-2, BANAL-236, and BANAL-52 revealed that efficient S-mediated entry depends on the expression of human ACE2 (hACE2) and human TMPRSS2 (hTMPRSS2) in human and Rhinolophus cells. Expression of Rhinolophus entry factors, either alone or in combination, did not facilitate SARS-CoV-2 or BANAL-236 entry in human cells, suggesting that the S protein of BANAL-236 interacts more efficiently with hACE2 than with its Rhinolophus counterpart (rACE2). Through biochemical, virological, and electron microscopy analyses, we showed that BANAL-236 and SARS-CoV-2 completed their replication cycles in a Rhinolophus cell line engineered to express high levels of hACE2 and hTMPRSS2. Despite efficient viral replication in modified Rhinolophus and human cells, no induction of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes was detected. Using a screening approach, we identified several BANAL-236 proteins that antagonize IFN production and signaling in human cells. Our findings thus show that BANAL-236 possesses critical features that enabled zoonotic spillover: hACE2 usage and potent evasion of human IFN responses. The Rhinolophus cellular model we established offers a platform for further investigating the interactions between bat coronaviruses and their reservoir hosts. Author summary Bats are known reservoirs for viruses that cause severe diseases in humans, such as coronaviruses and filoviruses. Bat species naturally or experimentally infected with these viruses rarely exhibit clinical symptoms, suggesting an evolved tolerance to viral infections. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying viral tolerance and to identify factors that could facilitate zoonotic spillover, it is essential to study the replication of bat-borne viruses in relevant bat cellular models. Here, we investigated the replication of BANAL-236, a SARS-CoV-2 related virus isolated from fecal samples of Rhinolophus bats in Northen Laos, in a novel cell line derived from Rhinolophus ferrumequinum lung fibroblasts. Our findings reveal that BANAL-236 can efficiently use human entry factors and potently evade the human innate immune response, two traits that may have contributed to its zoonotic transmission. Furthermore, the R. ferrumequinum cell lines we developed is a valuable model for investigating the molecular interactions between sarbecoviruses and their natural hosts. ### Competing Interest Statement The Krogan Laboratory has received research support from Vir Biotechnology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, and Rezo Therapeutics. NJK has a financially compensated consulting agreement with Maze Therapeutics. NJK is the President and is on the Board of Directors of Rezo Therapeutics, and he is a shareholder in Tenaya Therapeutics, Maze Therapeutics, Rezo Therapeutics, and GEn1E Lifesciences.

Removing the Black Box Warning was Served with a Side of Serious Misinformation

Removing the Black Box Warning was Served with a Side of Serious Misinformation