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CR tests of 23 popular protein powders and shakes found that most contain high levels of lead.

Variation of 80 milliseconds ‘a big difference’ at elite level, while they also make fewer mistakes

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Background The understanding of daily eating frequency (DEF) and nighttime fasting duration (NFD) is limited. The aim of this research is to investigate the links between DEF, NFD, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods The research involved 11,153 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2005 and 2018. The evaluation of DEF and NFD was conducted through interviews focusing on dietary recalls spanning 24 h. DEF refers to the overall number of times individuals eat throughout the day, whereas NFD indicates the duration between the last and first meal of the day. The diagnosis of NAFLD was established through the application of the US fatty liver index (USFLI). A weighted logistic regression model investigated the connection between DEF, NFD, and NAFLD. Results After full adjustment, participants with DEF ≤ 3 times exhibited a 21% higher risk of NAFLD than those with DEF > 4.5 times (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01–1.45). Similarly, individuals with NFD ≥ 14 h were 26% more likely to develop NAFLD than those with NFD ≤ 10 h (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.04–1.53). The effect of DEF on NAFLD risk was more evident in participants without T2D and with low fibrosis risk, whereas the adverse impact of NFD was particularly pronounced among those younger than 60 years. Conclusion DEF below 3 times and NFD exceeding 14 h were significantly linked to a heightened risk of developing NAFLD.

Ultra-endurance sports are characterized by prolonged durations of activity, high energy expenditure, and unique physiological and psychological demands. These factors could exacerbate risks for Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) and the related conditions of low energy availability (LEA), eating disorders (ED), and disordered eating (DE), amongst others. However, presently there is a lack of information about these topics in ultra-endurance sports. To explore risk factors, lived experiences, and research gaps, we conducted a narrative review of studies exploring REDs in ultra-endurance sports. A keyword search was performed in Scopus and PubMed, with supplemental searches of reference lists and Google Scholar. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were included to capture the scope of available evidence. Following selection and extraction, key quantitative findings were summarized and qualitative research was thematically analyzed. Sixteen studies (n = 10 quantitative; n = 6 qualitative/case reports) were included in the results. Quantitative studies highlighted the presence of REDs, LEA, and DE/ED among ultra endurance athletes, with one studying showing that up to 65% of athletes may be at-risk. Qualitative studies provided insights into psychological distress, body image concerns, intentional caloric restriction, and the impact of sociocultural pressures on fueling behaviors in athletes. REDs and related conditions pose risks for ultra-endurance athletes, with the combination of high-volume training and psychological drivers likely increasing susceptibility to energy imbalances. Nevertheless, the REDs model may inadequately address underlying psychological factors contributing to LEA and could require integration with ED-based protocols for improved treatment outcomes in ultra-endurance sports and elsewhere. Ultra-endurance sports involve high training volumes and extreme energy demands. These factors may increase risks for Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs), which is a condition where athletes do not sufficiently fuel to support their activity level, potentially leading to serious health issues. This review explored existing quantitative and qualitative research on REDs and related problems like low energy availability, disordered eating, and eating disorders in ultra-endurance athletes. Findings showed that up to 65% of ultra-endurance athletes may be at risk for REDs. Psychological factors were linked to restrictive eating and overtraining. Despite this, REDs is often treated as a physical problem, with less attention paid to mental health. This review suggests that treatment should address both physical and psychological needs, especially for athletes who restrict food intentionally. It also highlights the need for further research on recreational, male, and gender-diverse athletes, who remain overlooked despite being at-risk.

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