Spermatophytes invented seeds and pollen, gave plants the ultimate survival toolkit, and quietly took over the planet. They’re basically the reason you have food on your plate and a roof over your head. The rest? Still debating whether standing up straight is worth it.

Spermatophytes (seed plants like pines and flowers) invented seeds and pollen, which let them take over dry land. Today they provide most food, wood, and oxygen.

Pterophytes are tall and wet, basically the original experts in thriving where most plants won’t.💅

Pterophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) were the first plants to form forests. They don’t make seeds but have real leaves and tubes for water. Still common in shady, damp places.

Lycophytes used to be massive trees. Now you step on them hiking and don’t even notice.

Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts) were once the tallest plants on Earth. They don’t have seeds but do have roots and water tubes. Now they mostly grow close to the ground.#AncientPlants

Bryophytes are tiny, can’t move water, and still managed to turn bare rock into something worth living on.

Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) are small plants with no seeds or tubes to carry water. They were some of the first to live on land and help keep soil and water in place.#moss

Charophytes are why plants live on land now. They personally chose to stay in ponds forever anyway.🤷‍♀️

Charophytes (Chara, Coleochaete) are green algae, the closest relatives of plants. They don’t have seeds or stems but can handle drying out a little, which made life on land possible.