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A nice graph showing our main problem: the upper oceans warming faster than the lower oceans

The moment upper ocean stratification reaches thresholds that upper ocean warming shifts even more to the upper oceans we heated the oceans too fast - 0-~300/400m depth range crucial

#climate #uöäü1OHU
The most recent data indicate that the OHC in the upper 2000m layer of the world’s oceans has increased with a mean rate of 5.7±1.0 ZJ/yr for the 1958-2020 period (IAP/CAS) (Fig. 1). There is a more rapid increase in OHC that began ~1980s and has continued unabated since then (Fig. 1). Since 1986, the average annual increase is 9.1±0.3 ZJ/yr (1986 to 2020), almost eight times larger than the linear rate from 1958~1985 (1.2±0.6 ZJ/yr). Further, the uncertainty has decreased as improved instruments (e.g., Argo) and analysis methods have become available (Argo, 2000; Cheng et al., 2017) (Fig. 1). Moreover, each decade has been warmer than its preceding decade. The 2020 OHC value is 20 ZJ higher than last year value obtained using the IAP/CAS data (1 ZJ for NCEI/NOAA), and is the highest value ever recorded (Cheng et al. 2020a). The new results indicate a total full-depth ocean warming of 380 ± 81 ZJ (equal to a net heating of 0.39 ± 0.08 W m−2 over the global surface) from 1960 to 2020, with contributions of 40.3%, 21.6%, 29.2% and 8.9% from the 0–300-m, 300–700-m, 700–2000-m, and below-2000-m layers, respectively Source: "Upper Ocean Temperatures Hit Record High in 2020"; https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00376-021-0447-x.pdf
November 24, 2024 at 10:37 AM
umsonst.bsky.social
If they are correct this is the most important study that was published in 2024:

Vertical mixing is already suppressed by stratification

This could then shift ocean heat uptake to shallower depths causing SSTs to accelerate...

#climate #oceans #CMIP6 #CMIP7 #IPCC #uöäü1OHU
Changes in Oceanic Radiocarbon and CFCs Since the 1990s
Recent trends in upper ocean Δ14C, pCFC-11, and pCFC-12 are negative, reflecting their decreasing atmospheric trends Increases in ∆14C are only observed in a few places over 2000–2010s, showing o...
agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
January 26, 2025 at 1:20 AM
umsonst.bsky.social
The first warning is now out that ocean heat uptake could decline:

"The services of the Southern Ocean and Antarctica — oceanic carbon sink and planetary air-conditioner — have been taken for granted. Global warming-induced shifts observed in the region are immense."

#climate #uöäü1OHU
Our Science, Your Future: Next Generation of Antarctic Scientists Call for Collaborative Action - AAPP
A statement from early-career researchers at the inaugural Australian Antarctic Research Conference
aappartnership.org.au
November 27, 2024 at 6:36 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
Another example of a mixing process we overlooked and that could be weakened by increasing stratification: vertical intrusions near eddies and currents...

(another mixing cluster is from marine biologists)

scitechdaily.com/secret-super...

#climate #uöäü1OHU
Secret Superhighways: How Microscopic Life Transforms the Deep Ocean
Researchers have discovered that tiny ocean organisms are transported to deeper waters by currents called intrusions, playing a significant role in the ocean’s ecosystem. These findings challenge trad...
scitechdaily.com
November 2, 2024 at 6:03 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
Models and ocean heat uptake:

"This spurious disequlibrium behavior is a substantial roadblock to understanding both internal climate variability and its response to forcing."

We are decades away to develop models able to do the job - computational power!

#climate #uöäü1OHU
Ensemble Spread Behavior in Coupled Climate Models: Insights From the Energy Exascale Earth System Model Version 1 Large Ensemble
We present a new large ensemble with the Energy Exascale Earth System Model v1 (the E3SMv1-LE) initialized using ocean basin heat contrasts Ensemble spread in the 20-member E3SMv1-LE is comparabl...
agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
November 11, 2024 at 2:34 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
Stratification reinforces the upward heat transport thereby reinforcing upper ocean stratification in a setting in the South China Sea

Surprises still coming in...

#climate #OHU #uöäü1OHU #Earth
Abstract: Oceanic motions across meso-, submeso-, and turbulent scales play distinct roles in vertical heat transport (VHT) between the ocean's surface and its interior. While it is commonly understood that during summertime the enhanced stratification due to increased solar radiation typically results in an reduced upper-ocean vertical exchange, our study reveals a significant upward VHT associated with submesoscale fronts (<30 km) through high-resolution observations in the eddy-active South China Sea. The observation-based VHT reaches ∼100 W m−2 and extends to ∼150 m deep at the fronts between eddies. Combined with microstructure observations, this study demonstrates that mixing process can only partly offset the strong upward VHT by inducing a downward heat flux of 0.5–10 W m−2. Thus, the submesoscale-associated VHT is effectively heating the subsurface layer. In summary, turbulent mixing in the ocean interior accounts for a limited downward heat flux ranging from 0.5 to 10 W m−2 (Figure 4i), which is insufficient to offset the locally strong upward heat flux associated with mesoscale and submesoscale processes (Figure 5). This implies that the strong upward VHT at the fronts can effectively heat the subsurface, potentially leading to increased stratification (Figure S5d in Supporting Information S1). This enhanced stratification may act as a feedback mechanism to restrain vertical mixing, as evidenced by the weaker ε at the front in the observations. "Scale-Dependent Vertical Heat Transport Inferred From Quasi-Synoptic Submesoscale-Resolving Observations"; https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL110190
December 4, 2024 at 8:43 PM
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Warming and freshening subsurface water masses could become a problem in the future as their density decreases.

Here one example of the Southern Ocean - also Northern Hemisphere we have a similar problem which can be summarized under "warming in the pipeline" building up!

#climate #uöäü1OHU
November 11, 2024 at 8:13 AM
umsonst.bsky.social
In models stratification controls S. Ocean heat uptake:

"The present-day SO stratification is found to be a possible constraint to the future heat uptake as represented using air-sea heat flux over 30°S–55°S"

They took up some 60-90% of the extra energy since 2006.

#climate #Earth #uöäü1OHU
Stratification constrains future heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean between 30°S and 55°S - Nature Communications
The heat and carbon uptakes in the Southern Ocean between 30°S and 55°S are critical for mitigating climate change. Here the authors find that projection uncertainties of both uptakes are reduced dras...
doi.org
April 4, 2025 at 3:18 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
Some numbers on what has happened in 2023/24 in terms of ocean heat uptake and lots of interesting and important graphs...

#climate #ocean #Earth #uöäü1OHU
2023 and 2024 a striking example of a declining heat uptake efficiency in the oceans leading to oceans accumulating heat at shallower depths (In 2025 the signal will weaken as El Nino ended, but… | J...
2023 and 2024 a striking example of a declining heat uptake efficiency in the oceans leading to oceans accumulating heat at shallower depths (In 2025 the signal will weaken as El Nino ended, but stil...
www.linkedin.com
October 13, 2025 at 5:34 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
Just for the record: the next temperature jump is already in preparation - nothing slows down

Ocean heat content (OHC) trend for 1958–1985 is 3.1 ZJ/yr, and since 1986, OHC trend is 9.2ZJ/yr

In 2021 to 2024 we had: 15ZJ, 19ZJ, 16ZJ, and 16ZJ respectively (IAP)

#climate #uöäü1OHU #Earth #ENSO #MHW
Shows the increase in SSTs which happens via jumps triggered by El Ninos via which heat is transferred to the upper 100m of the oceans heating the upper mixed layer which is essentially SSTs. Just this shows that the jump in 2023/24 was not that special and not necessarily caused by IMO reductions. These jumps happen if the oceans accumulated vast amounts of energy the previous years - triple La NInas or La Nina dominated years are the main cause for exceptional levels of energy uptake by the oceans. But IMO regulations certainly supported that. The first numbers in this post are from this study: " New Record Ocean Temperatures and Related Climate Indicators in 2023 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00376-024-3378-5 And the table and the above graph is from this study: "Record High Temperatures in the Ocean in 2024"; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00376-025-4541-3?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR3m49nM-ZE9Xp4h7o8cMQFjRN4EyDfabCvomoNCQxxH5_qRvVwqtOUB3wc_aem_ml-IZOKffisFVzMMjAXgFw I took all values from the IAP dataset. Here the table with ocean heat content (OHC) increases from 2020 to 2024. The atrocity of this table lies in the detail that exceptional levels of OHC increases had been caused in 2020-2022 by the La Nina but then in 2023/24 they should have declined substantially during the EL Nino as they releases vast amounts of energy to the atmosphere. But instead the oceans continue to accumulate energy at record rates - very bad! Just the current state of marine heatwaves - we have massive marine heatwaves across the southern Hemisphere also being a clear indication that the development in the Northern Hemisphere is a feedback of global warming as it happens also in the Southern Hemisphere.
February 12, 2025 at 5:17 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
A nice new study on the asymmetry of ocean heat uptake in the Southern Ocean:

"Zonally Asymmetric Increase in Southern Ocean Heat Content "; journals.ametsoc.org/view/journal...

#climate #uöäü1OHU
Technical description of the graph: ACC - Antarctic circumpolar current. Schematic summary of the key results presented in section 3c, based on ROMS model experiments. Plotted at the surface is the net SHF trend (as in Fig. 5e). Depth sections are the zonal-mean temperature change in the (left) Pacific and (right) Indian basins in ALL. In all cases, red (blue) arrows denote a process which warms (cools) a significant portion of the upper 2000 m. The style of the arrow denotes the type of surface flux (wind, heat, etc.). The circled numbers denote relevant mechanisms: (1) northward (southward) Ekman transport anomaly of cooler (warmer) waters, driven by strengthening (weakening) of the westerlies within the ACC (north of ACC) region; (2) vertical displacement of isopycnals driven by changes in wind stress curl; (3) wind-driven weakening of the deep overturning cell; (4) changes in Weddell Gyre circulation driven by freshwater flux trends, including strengthening of the ASC and weakening of the northeast warm inflow; and (5) freshwater flux-driven changes in stratification, with contrasting effects in the Pacific (warming and cooling of the upper 2000 m). The Southern Ocean takes up heat in the Indian and Atlantic at different latitudes than the Pacific Ocean Description of the graph: Zonal-mean temperature changes for (a)–(c) ALL, (d)–(f) WIND, (g)–(i) HEAT, and (j)–(l) WATER experiments. Each column represents an ocean basin with the (a),(d),(g),(j) Indian, (b),(e),(h),(k) Pacific, and (c),(f),(i),(l) Atlantic basins. Vertical dashed lines mark the zonal-mean boundaries of the frontal zones in each basin, as in previous figures. Contours in (d)–(f) are zonal-mean isopycnals σ0, contrasting the mean over 1980–89 (black contours), with the mean over 2010–19 (yellow contours).
December 2, 2024 at 8:46 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
One of the more fascinating Earth system changes:

Stratification is discussed to cause the speed up of surface currents (1), while it suppresses water moments below 200m (2).

#climate #uöäü1OHU #uöäü1currents
Our results show that the surface warming effect, a robust feature of anthropogenic climate change, dominates and accelerates the upper ocean currents in 77% of the global ocean. Specifically, the increased vertical stratification intensifies the upper subtropical gyres and equatorial currents by shoaling these systems, while the differential warming between the Southern Ocean upwelling zone and the region to the north accelerates surface zonal currents in the Southern Ocean. Globally integrated kinetic energy (KE) of large-scale ocean circulations in the upper layer, Eddy KE (EKE) KE of large-scale ocean circulations (mean KE and MKE for short) Satellite observations26 reveal an enhanced surface eddy activity, measured by eddy KE (EKE), over the past three decades, especially in eddy-rich regions such as the western boundary currents and their extensions (WBCEs) and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. This finding is in broad agreement with the projected future EKE change based on a global climate simulation with regionally refined grids to resolve mesoscale eddies in the eddy-rich regions27. However, little is known about the EKE trend below the sea surface. It remains unclear whether the surface intensification of mesoscale eddies is a useful fingerprint of total EKE change in the global ocean under global warming. Neither do we know its contribution to the total KE change. This is consistent with the existing literature14,18 suggesting accelerated large-scale ocean circulations in the upper ocean under global warming. In addition, the surface horizontally integrated EKE (EKE) shows a significant increase (Supplementary Fig. 2), which is also in line with the previous estimates26,27. However, the trend of EKE attenuates rapidly with increasing depth and reverses its sign below 100 m (Supplementary Fig. 2), so that the integrated EKE over the upper 200 m is almost unchanged (Fig. 3f). It thus suggests that the surface imprint of the trend is not representative of its vertical integral. Below 200 m, KE shows a negative trend (−21.79 ± 5.75 × 1016 J per century or equivalently −6.5 ± 1.7% per century) mainly contributed by that (−15.22 ± 3.69 × 1016 J per century) of EKE (Fig. 3).
November 24, 2024 at 8:38 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
First result that ocean heat uptake (OHU) could decrease due to wind and stratification changes (ventilation is indicative for OHU changes)

"The model used here, along with many state-of-the-art forced ocean models, underestimates recent ocean deoxygenation" - oops!

#climate #uöäü1OHU #uöäü1ocean
Competing effects of wind and buoyancy forcing on ocean oxygen trends in recent decades - Nature Communications
Ocean deoxygenation since the late 1960s has been partially mitigated by wind-driven oxygenation, particularly in the Southern Ocean. The predicted slowdown in wind intensification may therefore accel...
www.nature.com
November 3, 2024 at 1:49 AM
umsonst.bsky.social
A mechanism of how mixed layer eddies form near ocean fronts caused by strong currents

dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007...

#climate #uöäü1OHU
October 30, 2024 at 8:09 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
Gulf of Mexico made a jump in SST and heat content of the upper ocean (>26°C)

Its another striking example of the non-linearity now increasing in the system fast causing downstream other non-linear changes...

#climate #Earth #uöäü1OHU #uöäü1nonlinear
The Gulf of Mexico is much warmer than normal. The water masses warmer than 26°C made also a striking non-linear move. Source: https://bmcnoldy.earth.miami.edu/tropics/ohc/ The gulf of Mexico signal is likely not a signal of an AMOC slowing down. Currently the cold blob is not existing what would indicate a weaker AMOC. BUt winter just starting, so... But any signal from a weaker AMOC deep water formation up North would need years to be passed on further south affecting the Gulf Stream. So the signal in the Gulf of Mexico is likely caused by abnormal heat advection. Will be interesting what studies will find out.... Also the NAO is only weakly negative. An exceptional weak NAO could be an indication for a weak AMOC and vice versa. But that is currently also not the case.
December 1, 2024 at 2:39 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
The first warning is now out that ocean heat uptake could decline:

"The services of the Southern Ocean and Antarctica — oceanic carbon sink and planetary air-conditioner — have been taken for granted. Global warming-induced shifts observed in the region are immense."

#climate #uöäü1OHU
Our Science, Your Future: Next Generation of Antarctic Scientists Call for Collaborative Action - AAPP
A statement from early-career researchers at the inaugural Australian Antarctic Research Conference
aappartnership.org.au
November 27, 2024 at 6:38 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
On one of the main discrepancies of climate change:

cumulative emissions increased since the 90s by ~50%, while ocean heat uptake rates increased two- to threefold

A recent study asks now important questions...

#climate #uöäü1feedbacks #uöäü1EEI #uöäü1OHU
Regardless of which estimate is used, there has been a two- to three- fold increase in the rate of increase in OHC since the late 1980s. For example, according to the IAP analy- sis, the OHC trend for 1958–1985 is 3.1 ± 0.5 ZJ yr−1, and since 1986, the OHC trend is 9.2 ± 0.5 ZJ yr−1 (Fig. 2). The IAP trend within 1958–1985 of 3.1 ± 0.5 ZJ yr−1 is higher than the previous release in Cheng et al. (2023) (2.3 ± 0.5 ZJ yr−1), mainly because the new inclusion of the bottle data bias correction. Source: "New Record Ocean Temperatures and Related Climate Indicators in 2023"; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00376-024-3378-5 At the same time GHG forcing only increased by 50% - that is a serious mismatch, as ocean heat content taking up about 90% of the extra forcing from GHGs is the main metric of global warming. This means that global warming accelerated two to three fold while GHG forcing only increased by ~50%. In my opinion exist only two possibilities: 1: a serious cloud feedback over the oceans going on 2: we made a measuring error. Problem here: Argo data is very robust. So not really a chance here. Shows the energy imbalance of Earth - if more energy enters the system than goes out Earth accumulates energy. This is happening mostly over the oceans which take up some 90% of the extra energy kept in the system. A graph showing the acceleration of Earths Energy Imbalance together with the acceleration of ocean heat content. "In addition, the upward trend in EEI also significantly accelerated after 1995, from 0.06 ± 0.12 Wm−2decade−1 before 1995 (0.13 ± 0.18 Wm−2decade−1 excluding major volcanic activities) to 0.21 ± 0.09 Wm−2decade−1 after 1995. This also corroborates the accelerated rise in OHC after 19956."
November 13, 2024 at 10:04 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
First warning is now out that ocean heat uptake could weaken.

Here what they say: "The services of the Southern Ocean and Antarctica — oceanic carbon sink and planetary air-conditioner — have been taken for granted."

They have all the reasons in the world...

#climate #uöäü1OHU #uöäü1WTF
Our Science, Your Future: Next Generation of Antarctic Scientists Call for Collaborative Action - AAPP
A statement from early-career researchers at the inaugural Australian Antarctic Research Conference
aappartnership.org.au
November 24, 2024 at 12:36 AM
umsonst.bsky.social
Small changes in mixing parameters can have large effect - attached study

Important: recent SST jump and declining carbon sink of the oceans both point toward reduced vertical mixing in the oceans. Do not know if this is happening but looks like it could...

#climate #uöäü1OHU
The Sensitivity of Southern Ocean Air‐Sea Carbon Fluxes to Background Turbulent Diapycnal Mixing Variability
Total air-sea carbon fluxes in the Southern Ocean are altered by up to 66% annually by background mixing variations Resolving or skillfully parameterizing the small-scale turbulent mixing in the ...
agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
October 31, 2024 at 8:22 PM
umsonst.bsky.social

Ocean heat uptake Southern Ocean - winds very important:

We found a notable difference in OHC trends between the Atlantic–Indian sector and the Pacific sector, which could be attributed to the inverse meridional heat15 advection caused by wind anomalies

#climate #uöäü1OHU #Antarctic
The OHC temporal and spatial variation. a) The vertical integral OHC trends (unit: 1019 J/decade) above 2000 m derived from Ishii during 1979–2019. The dashed black frames with tags ‘Atl–Ind’ and ‘Pac’ represent the regions with significant OHC trends in the Atlantic–Indian (50–62°S, 40°W–120°E) and Pacific sectors (52–66°S, 130–170°W), respectively. The stippling denotes the OHC trend exceeding the 95% confidence level from the two-tailed t test. The purple line represents the climatological SAF. b) same as a) but from MOAA GPV data from 2001–2019. c) The OHC changes (unit: 1019 J) derived from WOA between the former (pre-1993) and latter (post-2005) periods. The OHC change is calculated as OHC pre-1993 minus OHC post-2005. d) The time series of OHC anomaly (unit: 1022 J) in the Atl–Ind and Pac sectors, and circumpolar > 2000 m. The dashed, thick solid, and thin solid lines denote the OHC anomalies from MOAA GPV, Ishii, and WOA, respectively. The straight lines show the linear trend corresponding to each time series with the same color. The yellow lines denote the circumpolar OHC anomalies of the subpolar Southern Ocean (45–65°S, 0–360°) The vertical structure of the regional mean temperature and salinity change based on Ishii. a) The vertical temperature240 and salinity anomalies in the Atl–Ind sector in the potential density coordinate. The green (purple) bars represent the temperature difference between the mean temperature of period 1 (period 2) and the climatological temperature of the whole study period. This temperature difference is calculated as T period 1- Tclimatology and T period 2- T climatology. The green (purple) lines with yellow circles represent salinity difference calculated as temperature difference. The temperature change is on the black x-axis (unit: °C) and the salinity change is on the orange x-axis (unit: psu). The interval of potential density on the y-axis is 0.05 kg/m3. b) same as a) but in Pac sector. c) Temperature trend (unit: °C/decade) and salinity trend (unit: psu/decade) in the Atl–Ind section. The shadow and contours donate the temperature trend and salinity trend, respectively. The dotted shows the OHC trend exceeding 95% significant level. d) same as c) but in the Pac sector. Wind field changes and running correlation coefficients (RCC) between Wind curl and MHA. a) Time series of wind curl changes. The red and blue shadows denote anomalies of the Atl–Ind sector and Pac sector, respectively. The arrows denote changes of wind field (2005–2019 minus 1979–1993). b) c) Time series of RCC in the Atl–Ind sector. d) same to c) but in the Pac sector. The blank shows the RCC failed to exceed the 95% confidence level from the two-tailed t test. Schematic of the subpolar OHC changes in the different SAF shifting regions. a) The temperature changes by the southward SAF in the Atl–Ind sector. The shadow from Figure 2c. The dotted lines denote the SAF with the vector to show its shift and red arrows denote the southward MHA. b) same as a) but in the Pac sector. The shadow from Figure 2d and the blue arrows denote the northward cold-water advection. The solid and dashed lines present the isopycnals during the southward and northward SAF, respectively.
December 1, 2024 at 10:45 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
Weakening trend in ocean heat uptake could now contribute to surface warming and latent heat release into the atmosphere across the western to central North Pacific the last years

Stupid its the mode waters!

It would be the worst case!

#climate #uöäü1OHU #uöäü1feedbacks #uöäü1MHW #MHW #Earth
Record-Breaking Marine Heatwave over the Central North Pacific in 2021 Summer: Its Formation Associated with Loss of Central Mode Water
Abstract Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are prolonged extremely high sea surface temperature (SST) events. In the 2021 summer, an intense MHW occurred over the central North Pacific; the SST in September 202...
doi.org
December 10, 2024 at 11:35 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
First study out that raises the possibility that further warming could reduce the ability of the Southern Ocean to take up heat - oops!

Come one elites, emit more GHGs, while sinks are declining, I will fetch meanwhile the popcorn!

www.nature.com/articles/s41...

#climate #uöäü1feedback #uöäü1OHU
Southern Ocean heat buffer constrained by present-day ENSO teleconnection - npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
npj Climate and Atmospheric Science - Southern Ocean heat buffer constrained by present-day ENSO teleconnection
www.nature.com
October 17, 2024 at 12:45 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
One current main questions of climate science is what processes increase latent heat release by the oceans

Could be one reason behind the ongoing exceptional temperatures

Intensifying small scale ocean fronts could be one cause. In 2023 ocean heterogeneity index went rooftop

#climate #uöäü1OHU
Oceanic eddy with submesoscale edge drives intense air-sea exchanges and beyond - Scientific Reports
Scientific Reports - Oceanic eddy with submesoscale edge drives intense air-sea exchanges and beyond
www.nature.com
November 7, 2024 at 10:11 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
Next critical model error:

High resolution of eddies increases surface heating of the oceans across the first 250m

Secondary errors could be huge here:

It starts with upper ocean stratification, ocean heat uptake, and global circulation patterns

#climate #uöäü2models #CMIP #IPCC #uöäü1OHU
Enhanced Upper Ocean Warming Projected by the Eddy‐Resolving Community Earth System Model
Simulated upper-ocean ocean heat content anomalies are more realistic in high-resolution simulations than in low-resolution counterparts With similar ocean surface heating, high-resolution simula...
agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
January 18, 2025 at 5:58 PM
umsonst.bsky.social
If ocean heat uptake shifts to shallower depths you really should reduce GHG emissions ASAP - but we speed up...

"The redistribution of anthropogenic excess heat is a key driver of warming in the North Atlantic"; www.nature.com/articles/s43...

#climate #uöäü1OHU
The redistribution of anthropogenic excess heat is a key driver of warming in the North Atlantic - Communications Earth & Environment
The deep layers of the North Atlantic Ocean are expected to warm in the coming decades as excess heat taken up at the ocean surface is redistributed, suggests a historical reconstruction of full-depth...
www.nature.com
November 2, 2024 at 5:58 PM