The circular insert depicts an uncommon two-story pagoda known as the Many Treasures Pagoda (tahōtō) described in the Lotus Sutra.

This illustration shows the one built at Hachiman Shrine which was destroyed in 1870, several decades before this card was issued.
#buddhasinthewest #多宝塔

The figure in the lower right corner is a crude rendering of a seated buddha.

Pronounced ethnic facial features and flowing silk garments were sometimes used to signify "authentic" Asian religions iconography. 4/5

This use of fumi-e continued until 1858 when it was formally abandoned.

To read a scientific analysis of historical paper-made fumi-e, see Montanari et al., "Kami Fumi-e: Japanese Paper Images to Be Trampled on—A Mystery Resolved" (2025), here: www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/8/...
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According to www.virtualshanghai.net/Photos/Image..., this photo titled "Orphelinat de l'On Ze Weh“ is in the collection of Institut d'Asie Orientale in Lyon, France.

The book is also available as an ebook on Libby app and 微信读书. It is of higher resolution there.

They didn't specify in the book so I am not sure either. Broadly, archives of Tushanwan are housed in the Shanghai Library Xujiahui Collection, maybe some in Nanjing University Library, perhaps also the 上海市徐汇区文物局 judging from the author's affiliation. Dr. William Ma knows the author Zhang Xiaoyi.

张伟，张晓依，<近代中国杰出的美术教育家刘德斋>，《土山湾画馆人物志》，中华书局，2022。Upon closer look, there seems to be the painting of Our Lady of China to the right of Xu Guangqi, with an additional moon motif compared to Ricci's version.

Historical photograph of T'ou-sè-wè painting studio, with painting of Xu Guangqi in the middle. Perhaps this could be Ricci's copy?

That's the tokugawa kamon 徳川葵 , consisting of three hollyhocks right in the middle.