Thanks Rodrigo❤ (c(ˆ⌣ˆc)

Thanks Basile🥰

10: Similar phenomenon (9) is also happening in nanohaloarchaea; 11: the archaeal host carries a CRISPR array with spacers targeting both viruses and virus satellites.

8: Spindle-shaped HVs infect a haloarchaeal host without interference of virus satellites (SRCEs); 9: Spindle-shaped HVs and SRCEs co-infect a haloarchaeal host. SRCEs replicate and consume the virion components of HVs, which lead
to a decrease in HV production;

4: Similar CRISPR-Cas immunity processes (1, 2, 3) are happening in nanohaloarchaea; 5: A gene transfer from an icosahedral HV to an icosahedral NHV; 6: A gene transfer from a head-tailed NHV to a head-tailed
HV; 7: A gene transfer from a nanohaloarchaeal host to a head-tailed virus;

1: Viruses infect a haloarchaeal host; 2: A spacer is acquired from viral DNA by the haloarchaeal CRISPR-Cas system; 3: CRISPR spacers are transcribed, matured, and matched with target viral DNA with the help of Cas proteins, leading to the cleavage of the invading viral DNA;

The complexity of interactions between haloarchaea, nanohaloarchaea, their respective viruses and virus satellites. Haloarchaeal virus (HV); nanohalo archaeal virus (NHV)

5/n In addition to HVs and NHVs, we describe plasmid-derived virus satellites (named SRCEs) that appear to have originated convergently to parasitize spindle-shaped viruses of both haloarchaea and nanohaloarchaea, uncovering an additional layer of parasitism!!!

4/n No evidence of host switching between HVs and NHVs was obtained, but multiple horizontal transfers of genes implicated in virion structure and morphogenesis between HVs and NHVs were detected.

3/n The complete virus genome can be classified into 16 families (12 newly described). Deep divergence between HVs and NHVs strongly suggests that HVs and NHVs from all four groups have diverged early, likely concomitantly with the radiation of archaeal lineages.

2/n We identified hundreds of spacers specifically matching Halo-viruses (HVs) and Nanohalo-viruses (NHVs). We found that Halo and Nanohalo are each associated with four distinct groups of viruses, including head-tailed, icosahedral, pleomorphic and spindle-shaped viruses.

1/n In geothermally influenced salt lakes in the Danakil Depression, Ethiopia, the microbial communities are dominated by haloarchaea and their DPANN symbionts nanohaloarchaea. TEM analysis of the enrichment cultures of salt lake samples revealed the presence of diverse virus-like particles.