separatist groups at 8.1%, and unidentified armed groups at 5.4%.

To download the paper freely, click the link below👇

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arms trafficking, abduction, and money laundering.

✅Another key finding of the paper is that in addition to traditional cattle rustlers, the predominant actors engaging in cattle rustling include the Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP) at 71.4%, Boko Haram at 9.5%

inadequate governance, environmental influences, porous borders, cultural perceptions and social acceptance, corruption, and an ineffective justice system.

⚙️The paper shows the connection between cattle rustling and other forms of organized crime, such as financing terrorism, cross-border smuggling

🔈 Cattle rustling is increasingly contributing to the financing and resilience of armed and terrorist groups in the subregion.

📝The paper shows that the primary factors contributing to cattle rustling include transhumance, child labour, multiple conflicts

…asserting that the crisis can serve as a catalyst for renewed African agency, mobilizing local resources to reshape the continent’s social development agenda.

The article appraises state responsiveness to illegal gold mining by bandits, and offers some deeper reflections on pathways to durable peace.

The eprint link (50 copies) is now ready to use and is:

www.tandfonline.com/eprint/HQU8P...