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But as we mention in the paper and the Q&A, more research is definitely needed before anyone can make sound management recommendations.

We address the question of social dynamics in the paper (e.g., in and around Table 1, we note that cooperative, group-living species may be less likely to benefit from contraception in terms of welfare, and there could be some potential for it to disrupt social structures).

Researchers, wildlife managers, and government agencies are also aware of the cases where secondary exposure *is* likely if used in the wrong way (e.g., for oral baits), so they take steps to reduce the risk of leakage and secondary exposure. (Example: downloads.regulations.gov/EPA-HQ-OPP-2...)

These are good questions! Long-term effects on the population and environment are mostly not a problem for the most common form of wildlife contraception (immunocontraceptive vaccines) because they're used in small quantities, they aren't hormones, and they degrade quickly.

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