Many thanks to the brilliant reviewers, my research interlocutors in the Balkans, the P&P editorial team, and everyone who helped me shape this article, many years in the making. I am grateful to @ucsblibrary.bsky.social for making this article immediately accessible to all. (4)

(c) the governments in Sofia, Belgrade, and Bucharest often adapted Ottoman immigration policies to transfer the land to their co-ethnic immigrants. The new Balkan states were shaped not only by the presence of the remaining Muslims but also by the absence of Muslims who had been expelled. (3)

I researched the post-1878 legislation in the three countries to discern that: (a) Bulgaria, Serbia, and Romania built their land policies upon the Ottoman land regime; (b) the hotly contested "abandoned land" of Muslim refugees became a state tool for ethno-religious homogenization; and ... (2)

Many congratulations, @ezrawinton.bsky.social!

July 14: Munich. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Institute for the Near and Middle East.

Many thanks to Mehmet Hacısalihoğlu for inviting me and hosting the talk.

www.naher-osten.uni-muenchen.de/wasistlosami...

June 26: Hamburg. University of Hamburg. Department of History and Culture of the Middle East.

Many thanks to the incredible Alexander Balistreri.

www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/voror/aktuel...

June 23: Marburg. Philipps University of Marburg. Center for Near and Middle Eastern Studies.

I am very grateful to Albrecht Fuess and Evgeniya Prusskaya.

www.uni-marburg.de/de/cnms/isla...

June 18: Berlin. Forum Transregionale Studien, Europe in the Middle East, the Middle East in Europe Colloquium.

Many thanks to Georges Khalil for the invitation.

www.eume-berlin.de/en/events/ca...