In addition to all who helped me with this work, I am thankful to the 2 reviewers and the editor at Environmental and Resource Economics, journal of @eaere.bsky.social

Do not hesitate to reach out, especially if you need the accepted version of the manuscript.

To apply these tests, I detect crop-specific expansion responses across the tropics to pre-determined – therefore exogenous – increments in maize demand in the US.

I first map the theoretical ILUC mechanisms to a variety of crops. 🌾

Within this framework, observing specific crops provides empirical tests of specific mechanisms.

Furthermore, the disclosed supply chains are concentrated in space, leaving vast areas where virtually all companies deny to hold themselves accountable, including in districts with lots of cocoa adjacent to remaining forest.

The companies disclosing their supply chains as part of their efforts to build accountability for sustainable sourcing handle 80% of cocoa exports from Ghana. Yet, the content of these disclosures allow to recover the district of production for only 9% of exports.