Commodity Price Index in British Colonies with Wars (red), Major Epidemics (Yellow) and Contractions (Grey)

James Harvey in his 1865 "The Exchequer Note versus the Sovereign" reached the same conclusion:

New ASCE infrastructure report card is out. Average is C. Aviation, school and a bunch of others are in poor conditions.

I translated Chapter 5 to 9 of Muller's "Versuche einer neuen Theorie des Geldes" ("Attempts at a New Theory of Money") (1816) via Google Docs. The book is centered around this figure ( Sachgeld = commodity money (precious metal coins), credit geld = credit money, geld = money) 1

Really enjoyed Carey’s book. He writes in a clear, organized and concise way, which makes the book very enjoyable to read.

Oregon currency

Areas of general acceptance will vary, from extremely narrow (casino chips circulating at par in the casino), to local currencies issued by a city, a lord or a region (Eusko), to state/provincial currency (patagones) and then on from there. Here is a graphical representation via concentric circles

The easy fix to a silly problem
www.nytimes.com/2024/12/27/b...

Yep. Rapid fall in gov spending with end of covid prog combine with high tax growth squeezed private income