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Explore the complete findings, interactive maps, and technical methodology at

👉🏻 www.transitionzero.org/shedding-light-on-pakistans-distributed-solar-revolution

4️⃣ Our estimates of distributed solar in Pakistan can be viewed at the national, regional, or sectoral level — or mapped by hexagonal cells in detailed visualisations.

3️⃣ We then used building and land-cover data to link solar patterns to building size and agricultural land.

These relationships let us extrapolate the amount of solar found in our image samples to a total capacity for across Pakistan — from city rooftops to rural fields

2️⃣ Using a mix of machine learning and manual checks, we identified and labelled every rooftop and ground-mounted installation visible in our set of sample images — which amounted to more than 27,000 solar sites.

1️⃣ We divided Pakistan into thousands of small hexagonal cells, then selected around 1,000 representative locations.

Each one was covered by highly-detailed satellite images that can capture features as small as 30 centimetres across, covering both urban and rural areas.

👉 Download the full Modelling 24/7 Carbon-Free Energy in Taiwan report here → transitionzero.org/cfe

Reaching 80% CFE would also result in deep emissions cuts for the Taiwanese power system — 5MtCO2e per year, while requiring less overall capacity than annual matching, thanks to its reliance on geothermal for firm, clean supply.

The results are clear: if 5% of Taiwan’s grid electricity demand adopted 80% CFE, a least-cost approach that prioritises maximising cheaper onshore wind, solar and geothermal before turning to more expensive technologies, it would translate into system-wide savings of roughly US$1 billion per year.

To find out, we developed a 1-node model of Taiwan’s 2030 power system using the open-source Python for Power System Analysis (PyPSA) package, with hourly resolution.

Using a detailed, open-source model, we examined how 24/7 carbon-free energy could affect grid planners and corporate buyers.

Specifically, what would it mean if 5% of commercial and industrial demand was met with 24/7 CFE by 2030?

Our analysis shows strong benefits for commercial and industrial Taiwanese consumers to move toward hourly-matched 24/7 carbon-free energy (CFE) can support Taiwan’s decarbonisation goals.

👉 Download the full Modelling 24/7 Carbon-Free Energy in Malaysia report here → transitionzero.org/cfe

Overall, 24/7 CFE by 2030 can be delivered at a lower system cost than annual matching, and these savings grow as CFE targets rise, reaching, ranging from US$560 to 710 million in avoided fuel cost.

Results show that optimal hourly matching for C&I consumers is high: 80% CFE in Peninsular Malaysia and 90% CFE in Sarawak. In comparison to hourly matching, net system costs are US$10 million at 80% CFE in Peninsular Malaysia and US$5 million lower at 90% CFE in Sarawak.

Our model includes three domestic nodes — Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, and Sabah — and three international interconnectors with Singapore, Thailand, and Indonesia.

Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak are expected to see significant CFE demand from large C&I consumers.

Using a detailed, open-source model, we examined how 24/7 carbon-free energy could affect grid planners and corporate buyers. Specifically, what would it mean if 5% of commercial and industrial demand was met with 24/7 CFE by 2030?