Although this cash transfer relaxed household resource constraints, it's likely that intra-household bargaining and prevailing gender norms likely shaped how the gains were distributed

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Children living with an eligible pensioner were more likely to be enrolled in school, with the strongest effects among older boys, for whom the opportunity cost of school was highest.

Crucially for girls, the effect size and direction depends on household income and the sex of pension recipient

I study the 1908 Old Age Pension which transformed welfare provision across Ireland using full-count census data from 1901 and 1911 combined with my new (and painstakenly) constructed income household estimates 💰

The transfer boosted household incomes by up to 20 percentage points in some areas!