· Incumbents don’t always shy away from attack ads.
· Personalization effects vary significantly across states.
· Issue-based ads are less likely to go negative, but context matters.
· Incumbents don’t always shy away from attack ads.
· Personalization effects vary significantly across states.
· Issue-based ads are less likely to go negative, but context matters.
Full details here fass.nus.edu.sg/cnm/2025/02/...
Full details here fass.nus.edu.sg/cnm/2025/02/...