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web.archive.org/web/20220801...

ec.europa.eu/eurostat/doc...

Adjusted household disposable income and Actual Individual Consumption are both derived from National Accounts (SNA 2008), both include social transfers in-kind (from government to household sector).

unstats.un.org/unsd/nationa...

I addressed the so-called outcomes argument here. Homicides, car accidents, and deaths from illicit drugs account for roughly half of the gap. Obesity and closely related cardiometabolic conditions are apt to explain the other half (or more).

randomcriticalanalysis.com/2019/11/07/a...

This is an empirical question whose answer depends entirely on the unit of analysis. At the national level, it's a luxury good with an elasticity substantially greater than one.

papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers....

No, that's not true. The x-axis is *adjusted* household disposable income, meaning it reflects the value of social transfers in-kind, especially health and education.