I did an overlay of the two images. Only two areas of high economic activity didn't have railroads: Phoenix (railroads reached Phoenix in 1895) and Miami, which didn't have a rail link until the Flagler railroad in 1912. (3)

The economic activity aligns with this 1889 map of US railroads. (2)

With a robust enough transformation tensor, information theory suggests that an input could be transformed to an arbitrary output without the tensor describing what people would consider "intelligence." Information theory offers an explanation of how the Turing test can be wrong. (2)

We think of LLMs in terms of "artificial intelligence" but there is another, more accurate way to think about them: in terms of information theory. Information theory tells us that the information content of messages (Shannon's "entropy") is proportional to the log of the message length. (1)

There is some confusion about how percentages and fractions work that has contributed to confusion about indirect rates in federal awards. For example, a 60% indirect rate means that the indirect/overhead charges are calculated to be 60% of the direct charges. This is 38% of the total. (1)

Maybe it is time to standardize the number pad. It’s a bit better to say zero comes before 1 instead of after 9. Maybe the old AT&T layout - even though we use it most - needs to go.

I’m very proud of the Huntington’s Study Group: two of our trials were cited as highlights of the last year at the Movement Disorders Society’s annual congress. One drug got FDA approval.

Copenhagen knows we’re here and thinks we’ll get lost.

In a stiff, brittle material, the stress at the tip of a crack - like a screw hole - increases exponentially under even a light load. Why would you screw into this? They could have glued a 2x4 on that surface no problem. Carbon fiber is mostly glue. Glue the screen on.

From the photos of the Titan submarine, I saw something crazy: they put screws into the pressure hull. This is insane. People with carbon fiber bicycles know not to do this.